Geography REVIEW 1

Question 1

Human Geography

Answer 1

A branch of geography centered on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and human-environment interactions.

Question 2

culture: what people care about

Answer 2

beliefs & practices (dietary customs, religious beliefs, styles of dress) held in common by a group of people

Question 3

cultural groups

Answer 3

shares certain traits or elements of culture (language, religion, ethnicity)

Question 4

Geography

Answer 4

Study of Earth as the home of humankind, Study of places & the relationships between people & their environments, or analysis of anything across earth’s space

Question 5

Physical Geography

Answer 5

branch of geography centered on the study of Earth, environment, & human-environment interactions.

Question 6

cultural landscape

Answer 6

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Question 7

sequent occupance

Answer 7

shows layers of history in the cultural landscape

Question 8

Nature

Answer 8

physical environment; external to people & does not include them

Question 9

Nature-Culture dualism = opposition

Answer 9

idea that people are superior to nature & those who are close to nature were viewed as inferior

Question 10

environmental determinism

Answer 10

position that natural factors control the development of human physiological & mental qualities

Question 11

environmental determinism rejected because:

Answer 11

Over-simplistic cause/effect relationship
* Similar natural settings do not produce the same cultural practices or human behavior
* Contributes to ethnocentricviews of sociocultural differences

Question 12

Possibilism

Answer 12

view that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment

Question 13

Reactions against Environmental Determinism

Answer 13

• Humans are modifiers of the earth
• humans mold their environments
• natural landscapes become cultural landscapes due to human activities

Question 14

Earth as a dynamic, integrated system: people are intricately connected w/the natural world

Answer 14

• Earth functions as a system made up of diverse components that interact in complex ways
• Earth is constantly changing as a result of natural & human-induced events (Anthropocene)

Question 15

Spatial Diffusion

Answer 15

movement of a phenomenon, such as an innovation, information, or an epidemic, across space and over time

Question 16

relocation diffusion

Answer 16

Spread occurs through physical movement of people from one place to another

Question 17

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 17

• When a phenomenon(ex. common cold),spreads randomly from one person to another
• From hearth (place of origin) to nearby places

Question 18

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 18

-Spreads from most important places to the next most important places
-Occurs in a top-down or rank-order manner

Question 19

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 19

• When the spread of an idea, a practice, or other phenomenon prompts a new idea or innovation.
• the spread of an underlying concept even though the new group changes or”remixes” the idea

Question 20

barriers to diffusion

Answer 20

-physical: (mountains, water)
-political: closed border
-culture: alcohol restrictions, food restrictions, birth control
-economics: developing countries; developed countries

Question 21

Local Culture

Answer 21

practices, attitudes, & preferences held in common by the members of a community in a particular place

Question 22

Local culture characteristics:

Answer 22

• Anonymous origins; develops over time
• Stable &small
• Homogenous in customs, ethnicity
• Often rural areas
• Clustered distribution: isolation/lack of interaction= Uniqueness
• Tradition is huge; resistant to change
• Closely connected to the physical environment

Question 23

Diffusion of local culture

Answer 23

• diffuses slowly, primarily through migration,contagious & relocation diffusion, & at a small scale
• Passed down through generations, local festivals, storytelling

Question 24

Pop Culture

Answer 24

practices, attitudes, & preferences held in common by large #s of people & considered to be mainstream

Question 25

Pop Culture Characteristics:

Answer 25

* Heterogeneous groups * Share common: habits, music, entertainment, fashion, values * Despite differences in places, ethnicity, & level of wealth

Question 26

Diffusion of pop culture

Answer 26

* diffuses rapidly, via hierarchical diffusion, & over a large scale * TV, Internet, radio, etc.

Question 27

Subculture

Answer 27

A distinct cultural group that exists as an identifiable segment within a larger, more complex society

Question 28

Spatial Interaction

Answer 28

the connections & relations that develop among places & regions as a result of the movement or flow of people, goods, or information

Question 29

Complementarity

Answer 29

exists when one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region

Question 30

Transferability

Answer 30

The cost of moving a good & the ability of the good to withstand that cost

Question 31

Friction of distance

Answer 31

way that distance can impede movement or interaction between places

Question 32

Distance Decay: Tobler's First Law of Geography

Answer 32

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.

Question 33

Shorter distance = Longer distance =

Answer 33

More interaction Less interaction

Question 34

Time-space convergence

Answer 34

reduces friction of distance* perceived difference, not actual distance on land

Question 35

Intervening opportunities

Answer 35

different location that can provide a good more economically