Geological Oceanography (part 1)

Question 1

solar system was formed

Answer 1

5 bya

Question 2

World ocean covers about _ of the planet’s surface

Answer 2

70.8%

Question 3

The process of heating continued for several hundred
million years, until the temperature at the center of the earth was high enough to melt _ and _.

Answer 3

iron and nickel

Question 4

Today _ of water covers the earth’s surface and forms the ocean, the LARGEST HABITAT ON THE PLANET.

Answer 4

1.37 cubic kilometers

Question 5

is a continuous mass of water that covers most of
the planet

Answer 5

WORLD OCEAN,

Question 6

True or False: Other divisions of the world ocean, such as seas and gulfs, are so named for our convenience and are in reality only temporary features of the single world ocean

Answer 6

True

Question 7

body of salt water that is smaller than an
ocean and is more or less land locked.

Answer 7

sea

Question 8

give examples of sea

Answer 8

Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Caribbean Sea

Question 9

smaller body of water that is mostly cut off from the larger ocean or sea by land formations.

Answer 9

gulf

Question 10

give examples of gulf

Answer 10

Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, and Persian Gulf

Question 11

The movement of the seafloor also causes movement of the continents that rest on it, a process known as

Answer 11

continental drift.

Question 12

True or False: Inner core is liquid

Answer 12

False

solid

Question 13

Same composition as the inner core,
but under less pressure and thus
cooler

Answer 13

outer core

Question 13

consists of a transition
zone and a thick layer of liquid material

Answer 13

outer core

Question 14

thickest layer and
contains the greatest mass of material.

Answer 14

mantle

Question 15

The mantle is mainly composed of

Answer 15

magnesium–iron silicates

Question 16

outermost layer of
the earth is the thinnest
and coolest of all

Answer 16

crust

Question 17

THICKER and slightly less dense than the
oceanic crust and is mainly composed of granite, which contains
mostly lightweight silicate-rich minerals, such as quartz and
feldspar.

Answer 17

continental crust

Question 18

Continental crust is THICKER and slightly less dense than the
oceanic crust and is mainly composed of _, which contains
mostly lightweight silicate-rich minerals, such as quartz and
feldspar.

Answer 18

granite

Question 19

primarily composed of basalt-type rock,
which has a lower silicate content and is higher in iron and
magnesium than granite.

Answer 19

oceanic crust

Question 20

The layer of the mantle just below the crust is also composed of
rigid, basalt-type rock that is fused to the crust. The region of crust
and upper mantle is called the _

Answer 20

lithosphere

Question 21

Region of mantle below the crust is known as the _

Answer 21

asthenosphere

Question 22

True or False: The asthenosphere is thought to be liquid, and it is able to flow under
stress.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

proponent of the Continental Drift Theory

Answer 23

Alfred Wegener

Question 24

Over time, a long mountain range called a _ will form along the crack produced by the erupting magma,

Answer 24

midocean ridge

Question 25

magma that oozes out of these mountain ranges, or ridge systems, will cool and form new crust, known as _

Answer 25

oceanic basaltic crust

Question 26

runs along the length of a portion of the mountain crests

Answer 26

rift valley

Question 27

areas of high volcanic activity.

Answer 27

rift valley

Question 28

linear regions of unusually irregular ocean bottom, may also occur, running perpendicular to the ridges and rises and separating sections of the range.

Answer 28

steep-sided fracture zones

Question 29

In regions called _, such as the deep recesses of ocean trenches, old crust at the bottom of the trenches sinks and eventually reaches the mantle, where it is liquefied and recycled by convection currents into the earth’s core

Answer 29

subduction zones

Question 30

Force that causes continental drift.

Answer 30

seafloor spreading

Question 31

causes movement of the basaltic crust of the seafloor, and because the continents rest on this crust, they also move, much in the same way that boxes move on a conveyor belt.

Answer 31

seafloor spreading

Question 32

true or false: The highest seafloor temperatures occur in the regions of the ridges; temperatures decrease with distance from the ridge.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The crust was thinnest and the rock oldest near the ridges

Answer 33

False; | youngest

Question 34

Continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe like the seams on a baseball

Answer 34

mid-ocean ridge

Question 35

Largest geological feature on Earth

Answer 35

mid-ocean ridge

Question 36

At regular intervals the mid-ocean ridge is displaced to one side or the other by cracks, or faults, in the Earth’s crust known as _.

Answer 36

transform faults

Question 37

Occasionally the submarine mountains of the ridge rise so high that they break the surface to form islands, such as _ and the _

Answer 37

Iceland and Azores

Question 38

mid-ocean ridg in the Atlantic

Answer 38

Mid-atlantic Ridge

Question 39

surveys of the seafloor also revealed the existence of a system of deep depressions in the seafloor called _

Answer 39

Trenches

Question 40

seven major lithospheric plates

Answer 40

pacific eurasian african australian north american south american antarctic plates

Question 41

True or False: each of the seven major lithospheric plates are composed of continental or oceanic crust or both

Answer 41

True

Question 42

At the midocean ridges, where plate boundaries move apart as new lithosphere is formed, _ occur

Answer 42

divergent plate boundaries occur

Question 43

_ occur at trenches, where plates move toward each other and old lithosphere is destroyed

Answer 43

convergent plate

Question 44

plates move past each other at regions known as

Answer 44

faults

Question 45

special kind of fault that is found in sections of the midocean ridge

Answer 45

transform fault

Question 46

the motion of the plates along faults produces a sharp demarcation and often a nearly continuous line of cliffs with sharp vertical drops known as _

Answer 46

escarpments

Question 47

regions where the lithosphere splits, separates, and moves apart as new crust is formed are called _

Answer 47

rift zones

Question 48

mid ocean ridge and rise systems represent the _

Answer 48

major rift zones

Question 49

right at the center of the ridge, the plates are pulling apart that leaves a great gap or depression known as

Answer 49

central rift valley

Question 50

as the hot water seeps through cracks in the Earth's crust, it dissolves a variety of minerals, mainly _

Answer 50

sulfides

Question 51

chimney-like structures that progressively build up around a vent as the mineral solidify

Answer 51

black smokers

Question 52

organisms depend on the _ of bacteria for their nutrients

Answer 52

chemosynthetic activity