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4th Year Exam > Geriatric ILOs > Flashcards

Geriatric ILOs Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Give 4 causes of immobility (DAME)

A

Drugs
Age
Medical conditions
Environmental

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2
Q

Give points to be asked in an immobility Hx using SPLATT

A 
Symptoms
Previous fall
Location
Activity
Time
Trauma?
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3
Q

Give 4 systems to examine when someone is immobile

A

CVS
Neurological
MSK
Vision

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4
Q

Give 4 causes of falls

A

Dementia
Frailty
Vision defect
Environment e.g. poor lighting

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5
Q

Give 3 investigations for falls

A

Systems examinations
AMT4
Medication review

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6
Q

Give 3 consequences of falls

A

Injury e.g. haemorrhage
Immobility e.g. muscle loss
Depression

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7
Q

Give 3 causes of faecal incontinence

A

Structural abnormality
Neurology e.g. MS
Overflow

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8
Q

Give 3 risks for faecal incontinence

A

Female
Age
Nursing home resident

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9
Q

Give 3 management options for faecal incontinence

A

Dietary advice
Laxatives
Irrigation

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10
Q

Give 3 causes of urinary incontinence

A

Stress (weak muscles)
Pelvic floor damage
Enlarged prostate

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11
Q

Give 3 risks of urinary incontinence

A

Age
Pregnancy
Obesity

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12
Q

Give 3 investigations for urinary incontinence

A

Urinalysis
Cystoscopy
Urodynamic tests

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13
Q

Give 3 treatment options for urinary incontinence

A

Alpha agonists
Pelvic floor exercise
Surgery

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14
Q

Define delirium

A

Acute, fluctuating change in mental status. Classed as hypoactive, hyperactive or mixed

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15
Q

Give 4 causes of delirium

A
  • Infection
  • Polypharmacy
  • Drugs
  • Electrolyte imbalance
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16
Q

Give 2 symptoms of hypoactive and hyperactive delirium

A

Hypo: lethargy, decreased motor activity

Hyper: restlessness, hallucinations

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17
Q

Give 2 non-pharmacological and 2 pharmacological Tx for delirium

A
  • Talk to pt. calmly
  • Ensure pt. has hearing aid/glasses
  • Haloperidol
  • Lorazepam
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18
Q

Define dementia

A

Deterioration in cognition = behavioural problems and impairment in activities of daily living

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19
Q

Give the functions of each of the 4 domains in the brain

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A

Frontal: executive function/language

Parietal: visuospatial function

Temporal: memory/language

Occipital: visual processing

20
Q

In dementia, where are neurons usually lost from first?

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A

Temporal lobe, then parietal and frontal

21
Q

Outline the cause of Alzheimer’s and give one treatment

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A

Accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide = neurofibrillary tangles/amyloid plaque and loss of acetylcholine

Tx: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor e.g. Donepezil

22
Q

What is vascular dementia?

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A

Any dementia caused by cerebrovascular disease or impaired blood flow of sudden onset

23
Q

Give 3 symptoms of Lewy body dementia and how is it diagnosed

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A
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Parkinsomism
  • Dysautonomia

Clinical Dx

24
Q

Give 2 causes and 2 symptoms of fronto-temporal dementia

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A

Pick’s disease + HIV

Disinhibition + Apathy

25
Define sarcopenia and give 2 causes
A major component of frailty, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as a result of ageing - Motor neuron loss - Disuse e.g. immobility
26
What is the gold standard test for muscle mass assessment in sarcopenia?
CT/MRI
27
Give 2 management options for sarcopenia
Increased protein intake | Vitamin D supplement
28
List the symptoms of depression using SIGECAPS
``` Sleep disorder Interest deficit Guilt Energy deficit Concentration deficit Appetite disorder Psychomotor agitation Suicidality ```
29
What tool is used to diagnose depression in the elderly?
Geriatric depression score: 30 item self-reporting assessment tool
30
Give 3 risks for depression
- Recent bereavement - Social isolation - Stroke
31
Give 2 drugs for depression and their MOA
Sertraline (generally 1st line SSRI) Mirtazapine (an SNRL, an appetite stimulant and mild sedative)
32
Define fragility fractures and give the 2 causative conditions
Fractures that result from mechanical forces that would not normally cause a fracture – due to abnormal bone Osteopenia + osteoporosis
33
Give 3 risks of fragility fractures
- Female - Increasing age - Chronic alcohol excess
34
What score determines 10 year risk of fractures?
FRAX or Q-fracture
35
Give 3 drugs used in osteoporosis
- Calcium supplement - Vitamin D supplement - Alendronic acid 70mg once week
36
What is the MOA of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis?
Inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting key signalling pathways of osteoclasts
37
Define pressure ulcers and give 2 causes
Localised injury to skin/underlying tissue as a result of pressure Immobility + sensory impairment
38
Give 3 symptoms of pressure ulcers
- Non-blanching erythema - Open wound - Exudate
39
Give 3 management options for pressure ulcers
- Pressure reducing aid and re-positioning - Hygiene, cleansing and dressings - Analgesia
40
Define elder abuse and give 2 risks
Failure of carer to provide basic needs and safety of an older person, resulting in harm or high likelihood of harm Age >75 + dementia
41
What should be done in cases of elder abuse?
- Social services evaluation | - Report to authorities
42
Outline the differences between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Conductive: external and middle ear by interfering with transmission Sensorineural: inner ear and auditory nerve
43
Give 3 causes of hearing loss
- Mechanical obstruction (impacted wax) - Trauma (e.g. laceration) - Infection
44
Outline Weber test
Turning fork in centre of forehead and pt. asked which side is louder: - Both equal = normal - Left louder = right sensorineural impairment - Right louder = left sensorineural impairment
45
Outline Rinne test
Turning fork on mastoid bone (bone conduction) then next to external ear (air conduction) - air conduction louder than bone = positive test - bone conduction louder than air = negative test and indicates conductive hearing loss
46
Give 2 causes of each acute and chronic vision loss
A: optic neuritis + retinal vascular occlusion C: Glaucoma + diabetic retinopathy

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