gesture + communicative der

Question 1

Mutual knowledge problem

Answer 1

• occurs when agents aren’t aware of others knowledge
• communication is necessary to turn an event with 2 + people into a shared experience

Question 2

why do we gesture?

Answer 2

• reduce anxiety
  -listener understand what we are saying
• Help us think
• increase affiliation between US + listener

Question 3

gesture

Answer 3

= universal feature of human communication
-pancultural = all cultures gesture
- gesture in absence of visible communicative partner (phone call)

Question 4

Nicaraguan sign lang

Answer 4

• Nicaraguan deaf students spontaneously generated lang together
• Pidgin speech: grammatically simple communication
• creole = stable natural lang by minimising lang
• younger children were more sophisticated

Question 5

Primates + gesturing

Answer 5

-Koko = sign-lang gorilla
- gossip + grooming hypothesis (Dunbar) = pressure for more efficient communication (evolutionary explanation)
- Gestural Theory = human lang dev from gestures (Gillespie-Lynch)

Question 6

operationalising terms

Answer 6

• Turning abstract concepts into measurable observations
  -reduces subjectivity + increases reliability

Question 7

Emblems

Answer 7

• • specific gestures with specific meaning consciously used + understood
• culturally specific + indep of speech
• Widely used in Europe (Kendon)
  -waving, peace, heart hands

Question 8

sign lang

Answer 8

-inflexible
- Not spontaneous
- No interpretation subjectivity

Question 9

ostensive gestures

Answer 9

-giving/showing objects
- intentional communication
- directs attention
- First gestures child produces to communicate, control beh + understand world

Question 10

Deictic gesture

Answer 10

• concrete or abstract
• pointing, showing, giving
• spontaneous + flexible

Question 11

iconic gesture

Answer 11

• Big, small, cooking
• semantic gestures
  -spontaneous + flexible

Question 12

iconic metaphoric gestures

Answer 12

• McNeil - operationalised aspect of gesture
• Abstract -rubbing tummy to say you’re hungry
• suplements communication
  -maths problem- fingers to count

Question 13

Beat gestures

Answer 13

• presenters + politicians
• Rise + fall with speech
• If trying to make a point they punctuate it
• Trained to communicate effectively with gestures

Question 14

Precursors to communication

Answer 14

-Vygotsky -
- infants communicate through learning response association
- If infant reaches towards something they want, mother interprets it As signalling + gives them the item
- Through repeated experiences the infant learns this gesture elicits a response

Question 15

At 6 months

Answer 15

-verbal Milestones: Babbling
- gesture milestone = 75% co-occurance
- Ejiri 1998

Question 16

Hand Babbling: Raised by deaf parents

Answer 16

• Petitto + Marantette, 1991
• Babies raised by deaf parents show more sophisticated hand movements than those of hearing parents
  -Babbling can’t just be muscle movement of Mouth because hearing babies raised by deaf parents didn’t babble through speech but through hand gestures
• Babies draw info from env to dev linguistic skills- not innate

Question 17

Around 8-10 months

Answer 17

• verbal milestone : word comprehension
• gesture milestere: deictic gestures, culturally derived gestures
• Things that go along with nursery rhymes

Question 18

word comprehension + pointing

Answer 18

• Between 8-10 months typically show evidence of word comprehension (Iverson et al)
• communicative, Dev inventory (CDI) - measure of infant vocab
• Milestone correlates with onset of deictic gestures t culturally derived routines
• when observing pointing it was words dev early in word comprehension

Question 19

gestures + cooperation

Answer 19

-Warneken, Chen + Tomasello 2006
- 18-2 4 months
- use gestures to complete a goal (direct others
-infant understands capabilities of other indies to engage with tasks

Question 20

functional pointing

Answer 20

• imperative = get adult to do something
• declarative = get adult to know something

Question 21

Pointing to share mental states

Answer 21

• Liszkowski et al (2007) explored declarative pointing
• Adults express interest vs disinterest
• disinterested = infants prolong/repeat pointing
• Understand adult didn’t share enthusiasm

Question 22

Awareness of others knowledge

Answer 22

• Liszkowski et al (2004)
• Show 1 year olds puppet behind screen + infants point + manipulate experimenters reaction
  1) Look back + forth ro puppet + infant with enthusiasm
  2) Ignore puppet + smile at infant
  3) Looked at puppet
  4) Ignore infants pointing

Question 23

Pointing to help others

Answer 23

• Liszkowski et al (2009) explored other functions of early perspective talking at 1 + 1/2 years
• Adults drop objects near infants
• Amount of pointing measured
• Active trials (experimenter looks for object) = infants points to help
• First signs of empathy

Question 24

What infant pointing tells us

Answer 24

• want us to do things: requests asking for help
• Want others to feel things: declaratives for sharing emotions
• Want others to know things: declaratives for helping others

Question 25

3 month lag of gestures

Answer 25

- first word appears around 1 year old but deictic gestures appear around 3 months prior 1 year gap between infants saying first word and saying 2 words together

Question 26

Gesture speech combinations

Answer 26

- Complementary = point to bag + say bag = expand vocab - Supplementary = pointing to empty bottls + say gone - Additional info about what you are pointing at

Question 27

Gesture preceds + signals oncoming changes in speech

Answer 27

- One word stage = 11 months + Latency period is 2-3 months after + we get complementary combinations - Latency period of 7.7 months after complementary where we get supplementary combinations then theres the 2 word stafe - Suggests gestures help lang dev

Question 28

Cultural differences: American vs Italy

Answer 28

- American produce few symbolic gestures compared to high producrtion of pointing gestures - Italian produce as many symbolic as pointing gestures - Symbolic of American are conventional Gestures of Italian are varied - Iverson, Caprici, Volterra + Goldin-Meadow (2008)

Question 29

Enactive naming

Answer 29

- At 12 months infants produce actions carried out by object (holding phone to ear) - Play is enactive naming for things (Escalona, 1973) - Demonstrated infants capacity for symbolic representation are at the begining of symbolic play (Inhelder et al 1971)