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bmsc 208 > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what Primary function of digestive system

A

absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the external environment into the body’s internal environment

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2
Q

what is the digestive system central to

A

regulation and integration of metabolic processes throughout body

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3
Q

what is proper functioning of digestive system necessary for

A

whole-body homeostasis

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4
Q

what % of health care costs related to GI system

A

10%

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5
Q

where does digestive system extend from

A

mouth -> large intestine
15ft in live person

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6
Q

what is the GI tract

A

long tube with muscular walls lined by transporting and secretory epithelial (esophagus to end)

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7
Q

order of the digestive system

A

mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small int - large int - external environment

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8
Q

stomach to anus

A

the gut

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9
Q

digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food primarily occurs in gut

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10
Q

what contributes to digestion

A

secretions from accessory glandular organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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11
Q

GI tract is technically what

A

a continuation of external environment

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12
Q

where does digestion begin

A

in mouth with mastification and addition of saliva

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13
Q

what are three salivary glands in mouth

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

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14
Q

what are the 4 functions of salivary glands

A
  1. moisten and lubricate food
  2. salivary amylase partially digests polysaccharides
  3. dissolve some food molecules (taste)
  4. lysozyme kills bacteria
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15
Q

esophagus

A

passageway from mouth to stomach

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16
Q

what is the esophagus made of

A

top 1/3 skeletal muscle (voluntary) bottom 2/3 smooth muscle

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17
Q

what sphincter are connected to esophagus

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincters

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18
Q

what does the esophagus do

A

moves food via perstaltic waves (just motility no digestion)

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19
Q

where does digestion continue after esophagus

A

stomach

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20
Q

what happens in stomach

A

mixes food with acid and enzymes to create chyme (lots of mechanical)

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21
Q

3 parts of stomach and the valve

A
  1. fundus (upper)
  2. body
  3. antrum (lower)
    pylorus valve (sphincter)
22
Q

where does majority of digestion and absorption take place

A

small intestines

23
Q

what is the largest portion of digestive tract

A

small int 10-12 ft

24
Q

What releases exocrine secretions into duodenum

A

liver and pancreas

25
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A
  1. duodenum (first 25cm)
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum (combined 260cm)
26
Q

what passes through the large intestine each day

A

1.5L of watery chyme

27
Q

what happens in large int

A

not much digestion
water and electrolytes removed (absorption) to created semisolid feces

28
Q

what triggers the defecation reflex

A

feces entering the terminal section of the large intestine (rectum)

29
Q

5 parts of large int

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

30
Q

what is sphincter between ileum and large int

A

ileocecal sphincter (valve)

31
Q

what are the sphincter in the rectum

A

internal anal sphincter (involuntary, smooth muscle)
external anal sphincter (voluntary, skeletal)

32
Q

4 GI layers from lumen to abdominal cavity

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externis, serosa

33
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

34
Q

what are two nerve networks of the ENS

A

submucosal plexus
myenteric plexus

35
Q

what is surface area increased by in the stomach

A

gastric glands (invaginations)
rugae (microscopic gastric folds)

36
Q

what is the small intestine’s surface area increased by

A

villi
crypts (invaginations)
plicae (large foldings)

37
Q

what does the epithelium include

A

transporting epithelial cells (enterocytes in sm int), endocrine and exocrine secretory cells

38
Q

what part of mucosa is most variable

A

epithelium

39
Q

what are difference in junctions

A

very tight in stomach and colon, leaky in small intestine (more absorption)

40
Q

why do GI stem cells have to constantly produce new cells

A

epithelia have short lifespan
~17 billion replaced daily

41
Q

what is the lamina propria of mucosa

A

subepithelial tissue containing nerve fibres, small blood vessels, and lymph vessels

42
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa

A

thin layer of smooth muscle that can alter the surface area available for absorption

43
Q

what is the submucosa

A

middle distensible layer containing large vessels (lymph +blood) and submucosal plexus

44
Q

muscularis externa

A

2-3 layers of smooth muscle and myenteric plexus
- circular decrease diameter, longitudinal shortens tube

45
Q

what does the myenteric plexus do

A

controls the smooth muscle (in between 2 layers)

46
Q

serosa

A

outer covering of dense connective tissue that is continuation of peritoneal membrane, sheets of mesentery hold intestines in place

47
Q

digestion

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

48
Q

secretion

A

movement of material from cells into lumen or ECF OR movement of water and ions from ECF to lumen

49
Q

absorption

A

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

50
Q

motility

A

movement of material through the GI tract as result of muscle contraction

bmsc 208 (20 decks)

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