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Bmsc 208 > Respiratory 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Eupnea

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Thoracic volume increases

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3
Q

Pump handle motion

A

Scalenes and upper external intercostals

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4
Q

Bucket handle motion

A

Lower external intercostals

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5
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration

A

No muscles (passive)

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6
Q

What happens during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases
Lungs recoil, alveolar volume decreases, compresses gas molecules, pressure in alveoli increase
Air moves out into lower pressure atm

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7
Q

What is size of pressure gradients created by changes in alveolar volume in quiet breathing

A

Small

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8
Q

What happens as soon as muscles stop contracting

A

Pressure rises

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9
Q

Before inspiration what is the relationship between Patm and Palv

A

Equal
No pressure gradient, no air flowing

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10
Q

When is their no air movement

A

Quick between inspiration and expiration

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11
Q

As soon as muscles begin to contract what happens to pressure

A

It drops

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12
Q

What additional accessory or secondary muscles become activated during forced inspiration

A
  • sternocleidomastoids
  • neck and back muscles
  • upper respiratory tract muscles
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13
Q

What do the sternocleidomastoids do during forced inspiration

A

Lift the sternum outward, contribute to water pump handle effect

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14
Q

What do neck and back muscles do during forced inspiration

A

Elevate pectoral girdle increasing thoracic volume and extend back

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15
Q

What do upper respiratory tract muscles do during forced inspiration

A

Decrease airway resistance by dilating pharynx and larynx

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16
Q

Muscles of forced expiration

A

Abdominal muscles
Internal intercostals
Triangularis sterni
Neck and back muscles

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17
Q

What do abdominal muscles do during forced expiration

A

Pushes some visceral organs upward and pushes diaphragm up

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18
Q

What do internal intercostals do for forced expiration

A

Create opposite bucket handle

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19
Q

What does triangularis sterni do for forced expiration

A

Pulls sternum inward, negative pump handle

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20
Q

What do neck and back muscles do for forced expiration

A

Lean over- reduction in thoracic volume

21
Q

What is the lungs attached to

A

Pleural cavity- double walled sack that surrounds each lung

22
Q

What exists inside intrapleural fluid

A

Subatmospheric pressure exists in because lungs want to recoil inward

23
Q

What is parietal pleura attached to

A

Wall of thoracic cavity and diaphragm

24
Q

What is attached to visceral pleura

A

Outer wall of lung

25
Q

What is intrapleural pressure that holds lungs in open state

A

-3 mmHg
Below Patm

26
Q

What happens to pleura during inspiration

A

Move parietal away from visceral created more negative pressure in intrapleural
Creates more vacuum for lungs to be drawn outward towards neg pressure

27
Q

What do inspiratory muscles do to parietal pleura layer

A
  1. Pull parietal away from visceral layer
  2. Increase volume of intrapleural cavity and decrease intrapleural pressure
  3. Visceral layer drawn towards neg pressure
  4. Pulls lungs outward
28
Q

What is pressure at end of quiet expiration

A

-3 mmHg

29
Q

What is intrapleural pressure during inspiration of quiet breathing

A

-4 to -6 mmHg

30
Q

What happens with intrapleural pressure during inspiration

A

Intrapleural volume increases
Causes from in intrapleural pressure to more negative
Lungs drawn to more negative intrapleural pressure and thus expand

31
Q

If cavity is larger what happens to pressure

A

Decreases

32
Q

Complete steps of inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract
  2. Thoracic cavity expands
  3. Intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric
  4. Lungs expand
  5. Palv becomes subatmospheric
  6. Air flows into alveoli
33
Q

All steps of expiration

A
  1. diaphragm and inspiratory muscles stop contracting
  2. Chest wall recoils inward
  3. Intrapleural pressure moves back to -3
  4. Lungs record towards preinspiration size
  5. Air in alveoli becomes compressed
  6. Palv becomes greater than Patm
  7. Air flows out of lungs
34
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

Collapse of lung due to interruption of normal intrapleural pressure
Need neg pressure to hold lungs open

35
Q

What happens when theirs an interruption in intrapleural pressure

A

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

36
Q

What are 2 types of pneumothorax

A

Traumatic (parietal or visceral or both)
Spontaneous (lung and visceral pleura ruptures)

37
Q

What is the degree of lung expansion at any time proportional to

A

Change in pressure

38
Q

Lung compliance

A

Stretchibility of lungs
How much any given change in pressure expands

39
Q

What is lung elastance

A

Elastic recoil
Reciprocal of compliance
Ability to resist being deformed

40
Q

What causes ease of expansion and more difficult expansion

A

More compliant - easier
Decreased compliance - harder

41
Q

If high compliance what is elastance

A

Low

42
Q

Easy to inspire, difficult to expire

A

Increased compliance
Don’t have passive expiration
No natural recoil

43
Q

Difficult to fill with air

A

Decreased compliance

44
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in lungs (stiff lungs)
High levels of elastance, high recoil, easy to exhale
Effort to inspire

45
Q

What causes pulmonary fibrosis

A

Inhalation of pollutants, infections, idiopathic

46
Q

What is emphysema

A

Proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes attack alveolar tissue
Alveoli merge; loss of capillaries and surface area

47
Q

What happens to lungs from emphysema

A
  • loss of lung recoil
  • airway resistance
  • inhale easy, force expire out
  • increased compliance loss of elastance
    Obstructive
48
Q

In healthy lung what is not cause of compliance and lung recoil

A

Elasticity of pulmonary cells and Extracellular matrix

Bmsc 208 (20 decks)

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