GI 1

Question 1

4 digestive functions of saliva

Answer 1

1. taste
2. lubricant
3. initiates digestion of starch
4. initiates digestion of fat

Question 2

three major salivary glands

Answer 2

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 3

what type of secretions comes from each salivary gland (majors and minors)

Answer 3

Parotid- serous

submandibular- mixed secretion

sublingual- mucous

minor salivary glands- mucous

except lingual minor salivary gland (von ebner)- serous

Question 4

name ducts that the major salivary glands secrete saliva into oral cavity

Answer 4

parotid: stensons
Submandibular: whartons
sublingual: rivinus

Question 5

which major salivary gland is active at rest?

Answer 5

submandibular

Question 6

what gland is the major source for amylase

Answer 6

parotid

Question 7

which gland(s) secrete mucin

Answer 7

submandibular and sublingual

Question 8

where are minor salivary glands located

Answer 8

all throughout the oral cavity

• labial
• buccal
• palatine
• lingual
• sublingual mucosae

Question 9

what is the function of von ebners glands

Answer 9

assoicated with taste

flush out circumvallate and foliate papilla of the tongue to allow taste buds to come in contact with food you eat

Question 10

what does von ebner gland secrete and what is the purpose of the secretion

Answer 10

lingual lipase
breaks down fatty acids

not destroyed by acid in the stomach so continual breakdown of fatty acids in the stomach

Question 11

what does the structure of a salivon look like

Answer 11

a bunch of grapes

Question 12

what is it called at the tip of the grape in the salivon

Answer 12

acinus

secretory end piece

Question 13

what are the acinar cells that make up the secretory end piece or acinus

Answer 13

mucous cells and serous cells

myoepithelial cells wrap around each acinus

Question 14

list the pathway of ducts from acinus to excretion

Answer 14

acinus–>intercalated duct–>striated duct–>excretory duct

Question 15

what cells are responsible for producing saliva

Answer 15

acinar cells

Question 16

what are three components in composition of saliva

Answer 16

mostly water
inorganic salts: Na, K, Cl, HCO3
Organic components:
-acinar cells: amylase, lipase, mucoproteins, proline-rich proteins, tyrosine-rich proteins
-non acinar origin: lysozyme, immunoglobulin, growth factors, NGF (proteins involved in immune response)

Question 17

where are mucoproteins found most

Answer 17

in mucous secretions

Question 18

where are inorganic salts found most

Answer 18

in serous secretions (keeps it watery, because water wants to follow salts)

Question 19

what is the pH of saliva and why is this important

Answer 19

pH is from 6.7-7.4

good buffering capacity
important because if pH decreases too much teeth will dissolve

Question 20

what is the primary mechanism for salivary fluid secretion

Answer 20

1. Na/K ATPase maintains the Na concentration gradient
2. Na+ will be higher outside the cell than inside the cell
3. Na will diffuse into the cell and drag along K and Cl-
4. accumulation of these ions inside the cell and hang out until action potential causes depolarization
5. release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum that opens the Ca2+ gated Cl- channel
6. Cl- will move into the lumen of the duct
7. Na+ will paracellular transport into the cell because of the increase in Cl- and H2O will follow

Question 21

what are two alternative mechanism for salivary fluid secretions

Answer 21

1. CO2 can diffuse into the cell passively
2. Carbonic anhydrase converts it to HCO3 and H+
3. HCO3 can exhange with Cl-
4. Cl- hangs out until Ca2+ release from SR
5. CO2 can diffuse into the cell
6. CA make HCO3
7. HCO3 can diffuse through a Ca2+ gated channel

Question 22

primary and secondary secretions

• where take place
• how does flow rate affect electrolyte secretion
• permeability to water
• tonicity of fluid

Answer 22

primary

• acini
• permeable to water
• flow rate does not affect electrolyte composition
• isotonic fluid

secondary

• in duct
• not permeable to water
• slow flow rate increase [K]
• fast flow rate increase [Na]
• hypotonic fluid

Question 23

what is most abundant protein in saliva

Answer 23

mucin

Question 24

mucin is…

Answer 24

most abundant protein in saliva
carbohydrate rich
make saliva viscous
produced by submandibular and sublingual gland

Question 25

what enzyme is produced by parotid gland

Answer 25

amylase

Question 26

what is amylase packaged in

Answer 26

zymogen granules

Question 27

what does amylase do

Answer 27

initiates breakdown of starch

Question 28

what does lingual lipase do in regards to digestion

Answer 28

breakdown fats

Question 29

what secretes lingual lipase

Answer 29

von ebener's glands

Question 30

what is muramidase, what does it target

Answer 30

target bacteria | lyzes muramic acid in bacterial cell wall

Question 31

what is the most abundant immunoglobulin found in the oral cavity on mucosa surfaces what other immunoglobulins are found in the mouth

Answer 31

IgA is most abundant also will find IgG, IgM

Question 32

what does lactoferrin do

Answer 32

binds iron to keep it away from bacteria | bacteria in the oral cavity need iron to grow

Question 33

what are some calcium binding proteins why do we need CBP what do they do for enamel

Answer 33

histatin, cystatins calcium is not soluble, needs to be bound to protein promotes mineralization of enamel

Question 34

what are the two types of growth factor found in saliva

Answer 34

EGF: epithelial growth factor -to replace stomach cells that have been destroyed NGF: neural growth factor -to help neurons grow

Question 35

how are proteins secreted

Answer 35

via exocytosis

Question 36

what is the process of protein synthesis of proteins in saliva

Answer 36

1. synthesized in ribosomes 2. packaged into vesicles in ER 3. moved to apical portion of cell 4. cell is stimulated and release protein via exocytosis

Question 37

which cranial nerve gives input to parotid and lingual salivary gland

Answer 37

IX

Question 38

which cranial nerve gives input to submandibular and sublingual gland

Answer 38

XII

Question 39

how does vasoconstriction and vasodilation impact saliva flow rate

Answer 39

vasoconstriction would decrease saliva flow rate vasodilation would increase fluid volume so would increase saliva flow rate

Question 40

how do myoepithelial cells regulate the saliva flow

Answer 40

have contractile properties when squeeze the secretory endpiece will loosen tight junctions between the cells which will allow more Na and therefore more water to flow into the lumen of the salivary duct

Question 41

key neurotransmitter for parasympathetic

Answer 41

acetylcholine

Question 42

key neurotransmitter for sympathetic

Answer 42

epinephrine

Question 43

what are other substances that are involved in the control of salivation

Answer 43

substance P Neuropeptide Y Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide vasoactive Intestinal peptide

Question 44

what is the neural pathway from mechanoreceptors being activated to saliva secretion

Answer 44

``` mechanoreceptors are activated -taste bud -PDL sensory projection goes through -trigeminal n -facial n -glossopharyngeal n synapse in solitary nucleus/trigeminal nucleus synapse on superior salivatory nucleus signal goes back out of CNS via XII or IX to respective glands for secretion ```

Question 45

which neurotransmitter is responsible for watery secretion

Answer 45

acetylcholine

Question 46

which neurotransmitter is responsible for protein rich secretion

Answer 46

norepinephrine

Question 47

what receptor is primarily responsible for increasing intracellular calcium when activated and opening the Cl- and K- channels

Answer 47

muscarinic or a-adrenergic

Question 48

what is PKA mediated exocytosis steps?

Answer 48

this is how proteins are secreted into the saliva 1. B adrenergic receptor is activated via norepinephrine 2. activate cAMP 3. activate protein kinase A (PKA) 4. phosphorylate proteins that help vesicles (packaged with salivary proteins) fuse with membrane 5. exocytosis

Question 49

which branch of ANS is responsible for watery secretion? | what about protein rich secretion?

Answer 49

water- parasymp | protein-symp

Question 50

can we use saliva as diagnostic fluid? | any limitations?

Answer 50

yes, can pass things from blood to saliva can detect - infection - endocrine disorders - cardiovascular problems - cancer limitation: concentration much lower in saliva of substances so harder to detect than blood

Question 51

what happens when decrease in saliva (3)

Answer 51

- hallitosis - dry mouth: tongue swell, deep fissures, lips swell - decrease buffer capacity

Question 52

what is the disease when salivary glands get clogged

Answer 52

MUMPS

Question 53

what do older people have trouble with dry mouth

Answer 53

ANS is less active | on more medications that can have dry mouth as side effect

Question 54

what is the scientific name for dry mouth

Answer 54

xerostomia

Question 55

how does radiation therapy affect saliva

Answer 55

destroys salivary glands--xerostomia

Question 56

treatment for xerostomia (2)

Answer 56

1. stimulate muscarinic receptors (pilocarpine) 2. give artificial saliva