Renal 1

Question 1

what organ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

renal functions (5)

Answer 2

1. eliminated metabolic waste
2. regulation of water and salts
3. removal of foreign chemicals
4. gluconeogenesis
5. production of hormones

Question 3

how does the kidney maintain balance in the body

Answer 3

by regulating or balancing intake with excretion

Question 4

what is a primary metabolic waste that the kidney excretes

Answer 4

urea

Question 5

what is urea

Answer 5

nitrogenous waste from amino acids

Question 6

what salts are regulated by the kidney

Answer 6

Na+
Ca2+
K+

Question 7

what will the kidney do if there are not enough ions (Ca2+, Na+, K+)

Answer 7

produce horomone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 8

what organ is responsible for the bulk of gluconeogenesis and what part of the kidney helps that organ out with the process

Answer 8

the liver does most the gluconeogenesis but the cells in the cortex of the kidney help out

Question 9

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

make glucose from proteins

Question 10

what three hormones do the kidney produce

Answer 10

erythropoietin
renin
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 11

function of erythropoietin

Answer 11

regulated RBC synthesis in the bone marrow

Question 12

function of renin

Answer 12

reglate blood pressure

Question 13

function of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

Answer 13

precursor to vitamin D so important to regulate Ca2+ absorption in the intestine

Question 14

explain the links between body fluid and how much fluid the kidney comes in contact with

Answer 14

fluid in the body is divided into extracellular fluid (33%) and intracellular fluid (67%)

extracellular fluid includes the interstitial fluid and the plasma (8% of total body fluid)

kidney only interacts with the plasma so comes in contact with very small portion of total body fluid

Question 15

describe location of kidney anatomically

Answer 15

retroperitoneal

Question 16

two main structural parts of the kidney

Answer 16

cortex

medulla

Question 17

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 17

nephron

Question 18

what parts of the nephron are located in the medulla and in the cortex

Answer 18

cortex: glomerulus and beginning of tubules (proximal convoluted tubule-PCT and distal convoluted tubules-DCT)
medulla: loop of henle and collecting duct

Question 19

what is the main thing that happens in the cortex of the kidney in terms of the nephron

Answer 19

filtration

Question 20

what is the main thing that happens in the medulla of the kidney in terms of the nephron

Answer 20

concentrate and collect urine

Question 21

describe the pathway of emptying from the nephron to the exit of the body

Answer 21

tubules empty into the renal pelvis which goes to the ureter which goes to the urinary bladder which goes to the urethra and exits the body

Question 22

T/F: once filtration leaves the kidney in path to be excreted more absorption and secretion can occur

Answer 22

false; once filtration leaves the kidney nothing else can be altered

Question 23

what is ESRD

Answer 23

end stage renal disease

Question 24

what two forms exist of ESRD

Answer 24

chronic

Acute: shock, decrease blood pressure fast

Question 25

when does hemodialysis have to be used as treatment

Answer 25

chronic ESRD

Question 26

what is hemodialysis

Answer 26

blood taken from the patient's body and filtered through exchangers, then blood is put back into the body mimics kidney function increasing number of patients are on dialysis

Question 27

patients who have ESRD have a reduced ability to...

Answer 27

eliminate nitrogenous wastes

Question 28

what happens when there is a build up of nitrogenous waste because the kidney cannot eliminate properly

Answer 28

build up of urea is converted to ammonia (can be toxic) increase pH of oral cavity and blood blood is alkalized

Question 29

list the four manifestations of ESRD

Answer 29

ammonia breath: bad taste and smell in the oral cavity gingival enlargement: drugs patient may be taking to treat renal disease may cause this xerostomia: because pH change in mouth may inhibit proper salivary gland function tooth problems: premature loss, narrowing pulp chambers, necrosis under crowns

Question 30

two contraindications for ESRD patients

Answer 30

1. nephrotoxic drugs should not be given -tetracylcine -acyclovir -aspirin and NSAIDs kidney will have to work too hard to eliminate these drugs causing damage 2. patients more susceptible to bleeding due to destruction of platelets (don't clot well-platelet function impaired) - poor wound healing

Question 31

why is it important the nephron is only one cell wall thick

Answer 31

to allow for exchange between blood and fluid inside tubule

Question 32

parts of a nephron

Answer 32

renal corpuscle: PCT loop of henle DCT collecting duct

Question 33

describe renal corpuscle

Answer 33

glomerulus and capsule mass of capillaries

Question 34

PCT

Answer 34

convoluted tubule close to gomerulus

Question 35

loop of henle

Answer 35

can be long or short | has a descending limb and ascending limb

Question 36

DCT

Answer 36

convoluted tubule further from glomerulus

Question 37

collecting duct

Answer 37

can be shared by several nephrons | begins in cortex and extends down through medulla

Question 38

what portion of the nephron is primarily responsible for concentration of urine

Answer 38

loop of henle

Question 39

two types of nephrons

Answer 39

superficial/cortical: short loop neuron juxtamedullary: long loop neuron (glomerulus close to medulla)

Question 40

why nephron type is better for concentration of urine

Answer 40

long loop or juxtamedullary (loop of henle is longer)

Question 41

which type of nephron is more common in our body

Answer 41

long loop nephron

Question 42

what are three main renal processes

Answer 42

1. filtration 2. secretion 3. reabsorption

Question 43

what is filtration and where along the tubule does it occur

Answer 43

moving solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the tubular fluid in bowman's space (renal capsule)

Question 44

what happens to the blood that does not filter into the renal capsule

Answer 44

continues onto the peritubular capillaries where can be involved in exchange with the rest of the renal tubule

Question 45

what does secretion mean

Answer 45

when substances are transported from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule

Question 46

what does reabsorption mean

Answer 46

body wants to hold onto the substance substances are moved from the renal tubule to the peritubular capillaries

Question 47

what happens to the tubular fluid that remains in the renal tubules

Answer 47

excreted as urine