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Physiology Exam 3 > Respiration 1 > Flashcards

Respiration 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the most critical function the respiratory system provides?

A

Providing oxygen

Need oxygen for the electron transport chain–>final electron acceptor

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1
Q

What are the 7 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Provide Oxygen
  2. Eliminate Carbon Dioxide
  3. Regulate Blood pH
  4. Facilitate speech
  5. Microbial Defense
  6. Activate and Inactivate Chemical Messengers
  7. Defend Against Blood Clots
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2
Q

How does respiratory system regulate blood pH

A

The ventilation rate affects how much CO2 is released which in turn affects how much CO2 is in the plasma

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3
Q

Why do we need respiratory system for speech

A

When we say words air flows out of the mouth

We don’t suck in air when we speak

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4
Q

How does the respiratory system combat pathogens (3 major ways)

A

Coughing and sneezing: expel mucous that is loaded with pathogens

Epithelial secretions: respiratory tubes lined with epithelium secrete antibacterial substances

Lymphoid tissue: B and T lymphocytes cluster beneath the mucosal layer

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5
Q

What is an example of activation of chemical messengers by the respiratory system

A

Angiotensin I–> Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion

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6
Q

How does respiratory system prevent clot formation

A

The endothelial cells lining the capillaries secrete substances that promote protein lysis

Cause fibrolysis: break down fibers in clots and inhibit platelet aggregation

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the respiratory system

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Airways
  3. Mechanical aids
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8
Q

What is the main purpose for the airways

A

Series of tubes to exchange air between the lungs and the environment

Need a way for CO2 to leave the lungs and get out to the environment

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9
Q

What major process occurs at the lung and what is happening during this process

A

Site for gas exchange

O2 into the blood
CO2 out of the blood

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10
Q

What are the three different zones the airways are divided

A
  1. Upper Airways
  2. Conducting Zone
  3. Respiratory Zone
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11
Q

What are mechanical aids and what are they used for

A

Skeletal muscles

Help relax and contract the diaphragm to change the volume in the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

what structures make up the upper airway and where are they in relation to the thoracic cavity

A

mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea

these structures are outside the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone and where are they in relation to the thoracic cavity

A 
trachea and its branches
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

inside the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

what is characteristic of the tubules in the conducting zone to allow proper air flow

A

the tubules are not collapsible and stay open at all times

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15
Q

what zone of the airways do gas exchange occur

A

respiratory zone

conducting zone has no gas exchange

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16
Q

what is the trend regarding cartilage and smooth muscle in the conducting zone

A

Bronchi, as they get smaller, will lose cartilaginous rings and increase in smooth muscle

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17
Q

where are mucous glands present in the conducting zone?

A

in the bronchi but not in the bronchioles

as move down the tubules there are less and less mucous glands

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18
Q

what is a key thing that happens in the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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19
Q

what is characteristic about the respiratory zone that allows for gas exchange

A

thin walled respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

what makes the tubules in the respiratory zone different from the tubules in the conducting zone

A

these tubules are collapsible

need to have air flowing through to keep them open

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21
Q

the structures of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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22
Q

when initially inhaling air it is cold and dry, what does the respiratory system do to it?

A

heat and water vapor are exchanged with the blood in the airway walls to moisten and warm the air

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23
Q

what does branching structure do to the air flow rate

A

decreases resistance to flow

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24
what are the two types of cells that are in the conducting zone that protect against microbes and how
goblet cells: -secrete mucous that traps pathogens and airborne particles ciliated epithelial cells: -cillia on epithelial cells pulse upward to move mucous up and out of the larynx into the esophagus to be swallowed or expelled "frog in throat"
25
how does the mucous produced by the goblet cells become watery so it can be easily moved up into the esophagus to eliminate microbes
there are Cl- channels in the tracheal cells that normally transport Cl- from the inside of the cell to the lumen of the trachea Na+ goes with it Extracellular fluid goes with it making the mucous more watery
26
what is cystic fibrosis
a disease that impairs normal function of the conduction zone
27
how does cystic fibrosis affect the normal function of the conducting zone WHAT ARE 2 CONSEQUENCES OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS
mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel reduces the amount of Cl- and Na+ that moves into the lumen of the trachea water does not follow and the mucous becomes thick, dry, and sticky cilia cannot beat hard enough to move the mucous upwards 1. infectious agents are trapped in the mucous but cannot be expelled--INFECTIONS 2. airways obstruction
28
what are 3 functions of the conducting zone
1. branching to decrease resistance to airflow 2. microbial defense 3. warm and moisten air
29
what are 3 functions of the respiratory zone
1. regulate airflow 2. site for gas exchange 3. microbial defense
30
what is responsible for regulating airflow in the respiratory zone
the smooth muscles in bronchioles
31
how is airflow regulated in the respiratory zone
controlled by psymp and symp nervous system sympathetic stimulation causes smooth muscle to relax and dilate bronchioles to increase air flow
32
how are alveoli modified to promote gas exchange (4)
1. INCREASED SURFACE AREA 2. HIGHLY VASCULARIZED: - lots of capillaries 3. LOW RATE of BLOODFLOW - provides time for gas exchange - need time for O2 to be picked up by the blood - low resistance to flow, low pressure 4. THIN SURFACES - good diffusion of O2 from air into the blood
33
how does respiratory zone provide microbial defense
by pulmonary macrophages
34
what are the mechanical aids of the respiratory system
skeletal muscles and bones of the thoracic cavity
35
what are the main purposes of respiratory mechanical aids
do work of respiratory system allows air to flow in and out of the lungs bones provides protection to lungs
36
what are three types of cells found in alveoli
1. type I cells 2. type II cells 3. macrophages
37
what is the main function of type I cells in alveoli what is their structure like
gas exchange squamous epithelial cells (pavement cells)
38
what is the main function of type II cells in the alveoli
secrete surfactant
39
what is surfactant and what does the secretion of this do for the lung
surfactant is a detergent like substance (mix of proteins and salts) - keeps lungs from sticking to itself - decreases surface tension
40
what are pulmonary macrophages and what is their function
immune cells that remove infected tissue in the lungs
41
what characteristics of the alveoli help with gas exchange
thin surface and small diameter pulmonary capillaries
42
what does small diameter of alveolus do for gas exchange
allows for more gas to be in contact with the surface of the alveolus
43
what is the diameter of the alveolar sac
0.5 micrometers
44
what is the distance between the pulmonary capillary and the alveolus
0.2 micrometers
45
solubility diffusion rates O2 vs CO2
diffuse at different rates due to different solubilities CO2=77mmol/L O2=2.2mmol/L CO2 more easily diffuses
46
diffusion of respiratory gases - what decides the direction of diffusion - describe polarity
respiratory gases are small non polar molecule they diffuse along concentration gradient they readily diffuse through membranes; do not diffuse as easily through bodily fluids
47
trace the path of diffusion of O2 from respiratory tubule to blood (name all the surfaces the gas must cross)
1. cross plasma membrane on apical side of epithelial cell 2. cross intracellular fluid 3. cross basal membrane on other side of epithelial cell 4. cross basal lamina which is where connective tissue is located where type I alveoli cells are attached 5. cross extracellular fluid GET INTO BLOOD VESSEL 6. cross basal side of endothelial cell 7. cross intracellular fluid of endothelial cell 8. cross apical membrane of endothelial cell O2 now in blood vessel!
48
what are the "two layers" of the pleural sac
parietal: adheres to underside of thoracic wall and top of diaphragm visceral: pleura covers outer surface of lung
49
what separates the two lungs
mediastinum
50
what is the space called between the "two layers"
pleural sac
51
how is airflow related to pressure difference and resistance to flow
airflow= change in pressure/resistance directly related to change in pressure indirectly related to resistance
52
what are the purposes of intrapleural fluid (3)
1. lubricate surfaces: so when lungs expand, don't rub on ribs 2. subject to pressure changes when thoracic cavity expands or contracts 3. controls volume of lung
53
ventilation relies on...
pressure differences between air in the lungs and air outside the lungs
54
how do we calculate change in pressure
pressure in alveoli minus pressure in atmosphere
55
describe air pressure inside lung and in atmosphere at inspiration
air pressure in lung is less than air pressure of atmosphere
56
describe air pressure inside lung and in atmosphere during expiration
air pressure in lung is more than air pressure of atmosphere
57
what causes pressure in the alveoli to change
change in volume of alveoli will change the air pressure if the molecules are constant change in molecules but constant volume will change air pressure
58
are the lungs capable of changing volume
yes the lungs can stretch and recoil
59
what is the alveolar pressure
the pressure in the lung
60
what is the intrapleural pressure
pressure in the fluid in the intrapleural space
61
what is transpulmonary pressure
the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure important in inflation/deflation of the lung
62
what happens with muscles at the beginning of inspiration
diaphragm contracts which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity external intercostals contract to lift rib cage further increasing the thoracic cavity
63
what happens with muscles at the beginning of expiration
the diaphragm relaxes which decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity (diaphragm domes up) external intercostals relax lowering the rib cage and also decreasing the thoracic cavity (decrease volume)
64
what is the relationship between air pressure of alveoli and atmosphere between breaths
air pressure of alveolar and atmosphere equal each other (no air is moving)
65
what pressure is always negative and why
interpleural pressure because chest wall tends to pull outward and lungs tend to recoil inward (opposite direction) don't want high pressure cause don't want lungs to collapse
66
what happens to air pressure as diaphragm contracts and thorax expands
inspiration interpleural pressure becomes more negative makes transpulmonary pressure increase so lung will expand and pressure will decrease lower than atmospheric pressure therefore air will flow into the lungs until Palv=Patm again
67
what happens to air pressure as diaphragm relaxes and thorax compresses
expiration interpleural pressure becomes less negative (increases) transpulmonary pressure will then decrease so lung volume will decrease and pressure will increase higher than atmospheric air pressure therefore air will flow out of lung until Palv=Patm again
68
if additional muscles are involved other than diaphragm
forced expiration and forced inspiration
69
follow the pathway from beginning of inspiration to when air flows into the lungs
1. diaphragm contacts 2. thorax expands 3. interpleural pressure decreases (more negative) 4. transpulmonary pressure increases (Palv minus or more negative making more positive) 5. lungs expand 6. pressure in alveoli becomes less than atmospheric pressure 7. air flows into lung
70
follow the pathway from beginning of expiration to when air flows out of the lungs
1. diaphragm relaxes 2. thorax compresses (chest wall recoils) 3. interpleural pressure increases (becomes less negative) 4. transpulmonary pressure decreases (Palv minus a less negative number) 5. lungs recoil (compressed) 6. pressure in alveolus increases above atmostpheric pressure 7. air flows out of lungs
71
what causes pneumothorax
punctured lung no longer different pressures
72
what happens to the lung and chest wall if pneumothorax
lung collapses; chest wall expands can happen to just one lung while the other stays inflated

Physiology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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