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Pharm 111 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 essential activities for digestion + where each activity occurs

A
  1. Ingestion, mouth
  2. Mechanical breakdown
    Chewing -> mouth
    Churning -> stomach
    Segmentation —> small intestine
  3. Chemical digestion, mouth + stomach
  4. Propulsion
    -swallowing, oropharynx
    -peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa/ adventitia
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3
Q

Mucosa

A

Stratified squamous or simple columnar + connective tissue
Secrete mucus, enzymes, hormones

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4
Q

Submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue + blood/lymph vessels + submucosal nerve plexuses

Supports mucosa, binds layers together

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5
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle layers: longitudinal layer + circular layer

Myenteric nerve plexus: autonomic nerves, controls movement of muscle

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6
Q

Serosa

A

Loose connective tissue + mesothelium (simple squamous)

Permit mobility

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7
Q

Adventitia

A

Dense irregular connective tissue on retroperitoneal organs

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8
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Wraps around abdominal organs

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9
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines body walls

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10
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space between visceral + parietal peritoneum
-has fluid that lubricates organs

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11
Q

What is a mesentary

A

Fold in the peritoneum
Attaches organs to the front walls of the abdomen

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12
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Organs that are surrounded by the peritoneum
All have a mesentary, attach to the abdominal wall

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Behind the peritoneum
Do not have a mesentary

DAD really pissed

Duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, pancrea

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14
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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15
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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16
Q

Greater omentum

A

Attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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17
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

Attaches the transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

Mesentary proper

A

Attaches the small intestine (ileum, jejunum) to posterior abdominal wall

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19
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Cleans mouth
Moistens + dissolves food chemical
Helps in forming the bolus
Has enzymes that begin digestion
Buffers pH via bicarbonate
Lubrication

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20
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

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A

Majority is water
Contains electrolytes
Enzymes (salivary amylase breaks down starch —> maltose, lipase)
PROTEINS
Immune system factors
Metabolic wastes

21
Q

What controls salivation

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A

Intrinsic glands keep the mouth moist

Extrinsic glands produce saliva when medulla activates PNS neurons (glossopharyngeal nerve + facial nerve) which activates the parotid and submandibular gland

22
Q

What is the deciduous/milk teeth

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A

Primary dentition, baby teef
Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar, second molar

Lower teef appear before upper teef

23
Q

What are the permanent teef

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A

Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First premolar
Second premolar
First molar
Second molar
Third molar/wisdom toof

24
Q

List the structures food passes through as it moves from mouth —> stomach

Study These Flashcards
A

Oropharynx —> laryngopharynx —> esophagus —> stomach

25
Describe the phases of deglutition (swallowing)
1. Buccal phase -tongue is against the hard palate voluntary -upper esophageal sphincter is closed -bolus moves into oropharynx 2/3- pharyngeal-esophageal phase -soft palate closes off nasopharynx -epiglottis closes larynx -upper esophageal sphincter opens -pharynx muscles constrict -food forced down esophagus -upper esophagus sphincter closes -food moves down esophagus via peristalsis Gastroesophageal sphincter opens —> food moves into stomach
26
Mucous neck cells
-in the stomach -release mucus when mucosa gets irritated (acts as a barrier) -also releases bicarbonate with mucus (buffers stomach acid)
27
Parietal cells
Release HCl and intrinsic factor Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption STIMULATED BY ACh
28
Enterochromaffin cells
Release histamine + 5-HT in response to ACh and GASTRIN -Histamine stimulates HCl secretion -5HT stimulates stomach contraction
29
Chief cells
Release pepsinogen (gets activated by HCl) —> turns into pepsin, cuts up proteins Stimulated by ACh
30
Somatostatin
Released by D cells -stimulated by acid in the stomach -inhibits gastric acid secretions -inhibits small intestine absorption and bile release
31
Gastrin
Released by G cells Stimulated by ACh Gastrin stimulates HCL and pepsinogen secretion by parietal and chief cells
32
What is the alkaline tide of the stomach
Increase in pH due to the efflux of HCO3- after a meal because parietal cells are trying to make HCl
33
Production of HCL requires
ACH Gastrin Histamine ALL ARE NEEDED
34
Production of HCl process
1. CO2 enters parietal cell, complexes with water to form H2C03 —> HCO3- + H+ 2. H+ leaves parietal cell due to proton pump 3. Bicarbonate leaves parietal cell, CL- comes in 4. Cl- leaves, complexes with H+ to make HCl PH increases because of efflux of HCO3-
35
Chief cells
Produce pepsinogen Pepsinogen —(HCl)—-> pepsin Pepsin promotes production of more pepsinogen
36
G-cells produce
GASTRIN EFFECTS: Increase HCl production by parietal cells Increase gastric emptying Activates chief cells Increase intestine muscle contraction Relaxes ileocecal valve—> so shit starts moving that way
37
Enterochromaffin cells
Release histamine -increase HCl release 5-HT - increases stomach muscle contraction
38
D cells release
Somatostatin -inhibits stomach + pancrease secretion -inhibits small intestine absorption -inhibits gall bladder and liver release of bile
39
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion
Stimulatory Sight, smell, taste, though of food activates vagus nerve (CN X) to the submucosal plexus Activates mucus cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and g cells
40
Gastric phase of gastric secretion
Stimulatory Food reaches stomach —> stretch and chemoreceptors activate (due to increasing pH) —> activates gastric secretion + mixing
41
Intestinal phase of gastric secretion
Inhibitory Lipids + carbs activate CCK and GLP —> inhibits chief cells, parietal cells, and peristalsis Decreased pH of chyme also promotes release of secretin, which also inhibits chief cells, parietal cells, and peristalsis
42
What is the portal triad
Hepatic artery + portal vein + bile duct
43
Kuppfer cells
Contain liver macrophages In liver sinusoids (spaces between hepatic cell plates)
44
Describe the blood flow to and from the liver
Hepatic artery provides oxygenated blood to the liver Portal vein brings blood coming from stomach, small intestine, spleen to the liver -contains nutrients and toxins -allows the liver to process these before it reaches the heart Hepatic vein contains processed, deoxygenated blood from liver —> inferior vena cava —> heart
45
Function of hepatocytes
Process nutrients in bloods Detoxification Make and release hormones Storage Immune surveilance Produce bile
46
Liver produces ____, gall bladder
Liver produces bile, gall bladder stores it
47
Describe the role of bile in digestion
1. Liver continuously releases bile 2. Bile gets stored into gallbladder 3. Duodenum releases CCK —> causes ejection of bile into duodenum 4. Bile salts secreted into duodenum, allows emulsification of lipids 5. Bile salts reabsorbed into portal vein —> liver —> gets recycled
48
CCK
Released when proteins + lipids come into small intestine Relaxes sphincter of Oddi -> bile release
49
Secretin
Activated by decreased pH in small intestine Produced by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum Inhibits chief, parietal cells, peristalsis Promotes release of bicarbonate from liver centroacinar cells into duodenum

Pharm 111 (5 decks)

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