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Pharm 111 > Week 1- Respiration > Flashcards

Week 1- Respiration Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

2 processes of the respiratory system

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing
Movement of air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

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4
Q

2 processes of the circulatory system

A
  1. Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
  2. Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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5
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose + nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

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6
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and branches
Lungs and alveoli

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7
Q

Functions of nose (5)

A
  1. Provides an airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warms entering air
  3. Filters and cleans inspired air
  4. Serves as resonating chamber for speech
  5. Houses olfactory receptors
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8
Q

2 regions nose is divided into

A
  1. External nose
  2. Nasal cavity
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9
Q

Root of external nose

A

Area between eyebrows

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10
Q

What bones form the external nose

A

Nasal bone forms bridge
Frontal bone forms root
Maxillary bone laterally
Plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly

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11
Q

Nasal cavity is divided midline by the

A

Nasal septum

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12
Q

Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

A

Opening where nasal cavity turns into nasopharynx

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13
Q

Nasal vestibules

A

Nasal cavity superior to nostrils (near nostrils)
Lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air

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14
Q

3 mucosa line nasal cavity

A
  1. Olfactory mucosa
    -contains olfactory epithelium
  2. Respiratory mucosa
    -pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands
  3. Seromucous nasal glands
    -contain mucous cells and serous cells
    -has lysozyme and defensins
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15
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Scroll like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
3 sections: superior, middle, and inferior conchae

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16
Q

During inhalation, nasal conchae

A

Filter, heat and moisten air

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17
Q

During exhalation, nasal conchae

A

Reclaim heat and moisture

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18
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten skull
Secrete mucus
Help to warm and moisten air

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19
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of nasal mucosa
Nasal mucosa is continuous with mucosa of respiratory tract, so infections spread from nose to throat to chest
Can also spread to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageways
-can lead to absorption of air, producing a vacuum, resulting in sinus headache

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20
Q

The pharynx

A

Funnel shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to C6
-connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
-composed of skeletal muscle

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21
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Lining contains pseuodstratified columnar epithelium
Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoids on posterior wall

Pharyngotympanic tubes/auditory tubes
-drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls

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23
Q

Oropharynx

A

Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottics
Lining consists of stratified squamous epithelium

Isthmus of fauces: opening to oral cavity
Palatine tonsils: located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsil: located on posterior surface of tongue

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24
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for food and air
Posterior to upright epiglottis
Extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring
Immune active regions Pharyngeal tonsils Tubal tonsils: protect nasal area, paired Palatine tonsils: paired Lingual tonsils
26
Pharyngeal tonsilities
Back of throat drip/post nasal drip Infected and swollen adenoids Can block air passage in nasopharynx, making is necessary to breath through math As a result, air is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs When adenoids are chronically enlarged, both sleep and speech may be disturbed
27
Lower respiratory system consists of
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
28
Lower respiratory system broken into 2 zones
Conducting zone Respiratory zone
29
Conducting zone
Transports gas to and from gas exchange sites -includes all other respiratory structures -cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
30
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange Consists of microscopic structures such as: -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveoli
31
Larynx
Voice box Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea 3 functions 1. Provides patent airway 2. Routes air and food into proper channels 3. Voice production
32
9 cartilages of the larynx
1. Thyroid cartilage: adams apple 2. Cricoid cartilage 3+4. Arytenoid cartilages 5+6. Cuneiform cartilages 7+8. Corniculate cartilages 9. Epiglottis
33
Speech
Intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
34
Pitch is determined by
Length and tension of vocal cords
35
Loudness depends on
Force of air
36
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations -results in changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness Most often caused by viral infections, can be due to overuse of voice, dry air, bacterial infections, tumors, or inhaling chemicals
37
Trachea walls composed of 3 layers
1. Mucosa -ciliated pseuodostratified epithelium with goblet cells 2. Submucosa -connective tissue with seromucous glands 3. Adventitia -outermost layer made of connective tissue
38
Trachealis
Consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings Contracts during coughing to expel mucus
39
Carina
Last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi -mucosa of carina highly sensitive -violent coughing will be triggered if any foreign object makes contact with it
40
Heimlich maneuver
Procedure where air in person’s lungs is used to pop out food
41
Air passage ways undergo __ orders of branching
23 Branching referred to as bronchial tree Conducting zone gives rise to respiratory zone
42
Conducting zone structures
Trachea divides to form right and left (primary) bronchi -right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi -3 on right and 2 on left Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental/tertiary bronchi -each divide repeatedly becoming smaller and smaller (bronchiole when < 1mm in diameter -each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental/tertiary bronchi -each divide repeatedly becoming smaller and smaller -called a bronchiole when less than 1mm in diameter Terminal bronchioles -smallest of all branches
43
Terminal bronchioles
Smallest of all branches <0.5mm in diameter
44
Support structure changes in the conducting zone
Cartilage rings —> irregular plates In bronchioles ,cartilage —> elastic fibers
45
Changes in epithelium in the conducting zone
Pseudostratified —> cuboidal Cilia and goblet cells = less
46
Changes in smooth muscle in the conducting zone
Increases Allows bronchioles to provide substantial resistance to air passage
47
Order of bronchi
Main/primary bronchus —> lobar/secondary bronchus —> segmental/tertiary bronchus
48
Where does the respiratory zone begins
Where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles —> alveolar ducts —> alveolar sacs (saccules)
49
Alveolar sacs contain clusters of
Alveoli
50
Respiratory membrane
Blood air barrier Consists of alveolar + capillary walls (along with fused basement membranes) -very thin, allows gas exchange across membrane by diffusion
51
Type 1 alveolar cells
Single layer of squamous epithelium
52
Type 2 alveolar cells
Cuboidal Secrete surfactant + anti-microbial proteins
53
Significant features of alveoli
Surrounded by fine elastic fibers + pulmonary capillaries Alveolar pores connect alveoli —> equalize air pressure throughout lung —> provide alternate routes in case of blockages Alveolar macrophages keep alveolar surfaces sterile
54
Right superior lobe has ___ segments
3
55
Right middle lobe has ____ segments
2
56
Right inferior lobe has ___ segments
5
57
Left superior lobe has ____ segments
4
58
Left inferior lobe has ___ segments
5
59
Describe pulmonary circulation
-reoxygenate blood Pulmonary arteries move deoxygenated blood from heart —> lungs —> pick up oxygen Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs —> heart Low pressure, high volume Blood flows slow, allows gas exchange
60
Bronchial circulation
High pressure, low volume Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood to lungs Arise from aorta, enters lungs at hilum -part of systemic circulation Supply all lung tissue except alveoli Bronchial veins anastomose with pulmonary veins
61
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura, results from pneumonia Pleura become rough, resulting in friction + stabbing pain with each breath -may produce excessive amounts of fluid, exerts pressure on lungs, hinders breathing

Pharm 111 (5 decks)

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