GI

Question 1

Parietal Peritoneum

Answer 1

Attached to the abdominal wall

Question 2

Visceral Peritoneum

Answer 2

Attached to the abdominal organs

Question 3

How long is the Esophagus?

Answer 3

10-12 inches

Question 4

Name the three parts of the small bowel

Answer 4

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Question 5

How long is the small bowel?

Answer 5

Approximately 21 feet

Question 6

How long is the large bowel

Answer 6

6 feet

Question 7

What are the four parts of the large bowel?

Answer 7

Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid

Question 8

What is the AP Abdomen/KUB for?

Answer 8

Survey purposes
Rule out obstruction or perforation
Assess tube and catheter placements
Preliminary image for other procedures
Correct technique
No motion
Pertinent anatomy visualized

Question 9

What does a barium swallow visualize?

Answer 9

Esophagus

Question 10

What does an upper GI study visualize

Answer 10

Stomach

Question 11

What does the small bowel study visualize

Answer 11

Small bowel

Question 12

What does the barium enema study visualize

Answer 12

Large bowel

Question 13

What is the function of a nasogastric(NG)/oralgastic(OG) tube?

Answer 13

Placed through nose
Aspiration of gastric contents
Control of nausea and vomiting
Bowel dysfunction or surgery
Nutritional support
Medication administration

Question 14

How are G-tubes, J-tubes, and PEG placed?

Answer 14

Surgically placed through abdominal wall into area of interest

Question 15

What is Esophageal Atresia

Answer 15

Esophagus fails to develop past some point

Inability to insert NG tube

Question 16

Symptoms of esophageal atresia

Answer 16

Excessive salivation, choking, gagging, dyspnea, cyanosis

Question 17

What is tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 17

Failure of the esophageal lumen to develop separately from the trachea

Question 18

Why is tracheoesophageal fistula a concern?

Answer 18

May coincide with atresia
Increased risk of aspiration
Incompatible with Life
Prognosis good if handled appropriately
Aspiration prevention
Surgical repair

Question 19

What are the types of tracheoesophageal fistula are there?

Answer 19

Congenital and acquired

Question 20

What is the congenital tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 20

Result from failure of the esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea

Surgical repair

Question 21

What is the acquired tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 21

Caused by cancer, infection, trauma, instrumentation perforation

Surgical repair if indicated
Stent

Question 22

What is a hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)?

Answer 22

A congenital anomaly of the stomach where the
pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pyloric
sphincter

Most common surgery indication for infants

Is thought to be caused by genetic factors

Question 23

What does hypertrophic pyloric stenosis cause to the patient? Why is it a complication?

Answer 23

Pyloric stenosis causes obstruction (incomplete
or complete), preventing food from entering into
the duodenum

Question 24

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can often be palpated, how is it described when palpated?

Answer 24

It is often described as a mobile hard “olive.”

Question 25

What are signs that a patient has hypertrophic pyloric stenosis during an Upper GI study

Answer 25

Delayed gastric emptying * Barium-filled antrum * Shoulder sign * Filling of proximal pylorus * Beak sign * Elongated pylorus * String sign

Question 26

What is atresia?

Answer 26

When there is a closure of a normal opening or tubular organ a tube that does not connect to anything

Question 27

at level of the spine doe tracheoesophageal fistula usually happen?

Answer 27

T4

Question 28

what is an esophageal stricture?

Answer 28

a narrowing of the esophagus

Question 29

how does an esophageal stricture happen?

Answer 29

damage from alkaline or acidic corrosive agents or a radiation side effect

Question 30

how is esophageal strictures treated?

Answer 30

pts go through endoscopy to assess damage then they go through a treatment where there esophagus is dilated

Question 31

what is reflux esophagitis?

Answer 31

where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to act as an effective barrier and allows gastric content to enter lower esophagus

Question 32

what is the primary cause of reflux esophagitis?

Answer 32

GERD – gastroesophageal reflux disease can also be caused by: Herpes virus Candida

Question 33

What is nissen fundoplication?

Answer 33

Surgical procedure to treat GERD and hiatal hernia. In GERD it is usually performed when medical therapy has failed. the fundus is wrapped around the esophageal sphincter to reinforce

Question 34

what is the outcome of nissen fundoplication?

Answer 34

reinforcement of the lower esophageal sphinctor

Question 35

What is barrett's disease?

Answer 35

Condition where the lower esophagus becomes damaged by acid reflux and the tissue is replaced with similar stomach tissue

Question 36

is barrett's disease a concern relating to cancer?

Answer 36

yes, it is pre-cancerous

Question 37

What is esophageal varicies?

Answer 37

dilated veins in the distal esophagus varicose veins of distal esophagus and stomach

Question 38

why does esophageal varices happen?

Answer 38

due to the increase blood flow caused by increased pressure in the portal venous system

Question 39

what is a common cause of esophageal varices?

Answer 39

strenuous vomiting, people with alcohol issues

Question 40

what are treatment options for esophageal varices

Answer 40

vasoconstrictor drugs ballon tamponade - creates pressure to stop bleeding surgery - tie off vessels

Question 41

What are treatment options for esophageal perforation?

Answer 41

chest tube antibiotics surgery - stent

Question 42

How many projections are needed for foreign bodies?

Answer 42

Two projections 90 degrees from each other

Question 43

what is peptic ulcer disease? (PUD)

Answer 43

a group of inflammatory processes involving the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and bacteria alter the mucosa

Question 44

what are common locations of peptic ulcer disease(PUD)?

Answer 44

lesser curvature of the stomach duodenal bulb

Question 45

how is peptic ulcer disease diagnosed?

Answer 45

endoscopy double contrast GI studies

Question 46

How do acute ulcers look like?

Answer 46

shallow & show some signs of healing

Question 47

how do chronic ulcers look like?

Answer 47

deeper and have sharp margins and no necrotic tissue due the acid keeping the bottom “clean”

Question 48

what is gastritis?

Answer 48

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

Question 49

what are causes of gastritis?

Answer 49

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Alcohol Steroids Stress or trauma Infection H. pylori, Salmonella

Question 50

What is appendicitis?

Answer 50

inflammation of the appendix

Question 51

What does appendicitis usually result from?

Answer 51

an obstruction from a fecalith or rarely a neoplasm

Question 52

what is the key symptom of appendicitis?

Answer 52

elevated WBC count and sudden onset of constipation

Question 53

what is the treatment for appendicitis

Answer 53

immediate appendectomy before perforation and to prevent complications A regimen of antibiotics if perforation has occurred to reduce risk of peritonitis and sepsis

Question 54

What is Crohn's disease?

Answer 54

A chronic inflammatory disease that affects any part of the digestive tract.

Question 55

where does Crohn's disease most often occur?

Answer 55

the terminal area of the ileum and/or proximal colon

Question 56

Are fistulas common with Crohn's disease?

Answer 56

Yes