GI Flashcards
1
Q
in an embryo, from what layer does the gut come from?
A
endoderm
2
Q
what are the layers of the gut tube?
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
3
Q
what sublayers does the mucosa have?
A
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
4
Q
what components does the submucosa have?
A
glands
vessels
submucosal plexus
5
Q
what are the layer of the muscularis?
A
inner circular
myenteric plexus
outer longitudinal
6
Q
what is another name for the serosa?
A
adventitia
7
Q
identify the layers of the gut.
A
8
Q
What are the layers of the tunica mucosa? what do they do?
A
epithelium mucosa: absorption, secretion, protection
lamina propria: contains vessels & nerves
lamina muscularis: inconstant
9
Q
what are the surface modifications of the mucosa (or epithelium)?
A
villi
plicae
crypts
pits
10
Q
What are rugae?
A
large folds in stomach
11
Q
what are pits?
A
invaginations in the stomach
12
Q
what are plicae?
A
large folds in small intestine
13
Q
what are villi?
A
projections in the lumen found in small instestine
14
Q
what are crypts?
A
invaginations in small and large instestine
15
Q
what is this?
A
rugae
16
Q
what is this?
A
pits
17
Q
what is this?
A
villi
18
Q
what is this?
A
crypts
19
Q
what are these?
A
big circle = plicae
small proyection = villi
20
Q
where is the arrow pointing at?
where is this?
A
crypts of jejunum
21
Q
where is the arrow pointing at?
where is this?
A
crypts of ileum
22
Q
what is the square and the circle?
A
circle: crypts
square: villi
23
Q
what is the arrow pointing at?
A
the tunica submucosa
24
Q
what does the submucosa do?
A
it facilitates motility of the submucosa
25
how do you call the submucosa if there is no lamina muscularis present?
lamina propria/sumbucosa
26
what layer is the box?
submucosa
27
the muscularis layer can be two types of muscle, what are these?
smooth and skeletal muscle
28
what is the layer of the square?
muscularis layer
29
how many layers does the muscularis layer have?
2 : outer and inner muscular layer
30
what does the muscular layer do?
controls lumen size
31
what important structure is found in the muscular layer?
myenteric plexus
32
what is this?
the two layers of the muscular layer
33
what are the 3 boxes?
34
what is this layer?
serosa
35
where can we find serosa?
in organs that are suspended in body cavities
36
where is the serosa, adventitia instead?
organs covered in connective tissue
esophagus
rectum
vagina
37
name the layers
38
what is a plexus?
Elements of two ANS divisions & enteric NS in same location in wall.
39
what controls the effectors or glands and smooth muscle of an organ?
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
40
what are the arrows pointing out?
parasympathetic neuron cell bodies of myenteric plexus
41
how well does the esophagus heal?
not well
42
how many sphincters does the esophagus have?
2: upper and lower
43
what is this?
the esophagus
44
the mucosa of the esophagus contains what kind of epithelium?
what layers does the esophagus have?
non keratinized stratified
it contains:
epithelium
lamina propria
smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)
45
what does the submucosa have?
glands that secrete mucous
46
what muscle is in the muscularis of the esophagus?
upper 1/3 muscularis is skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 is skeletal and smooth
lower 1/3 is smooth muscle
47
the lamina propria of the esophagus contains what?
esophageal cardiac glands
48
what is special of the muscularis mucosae of esphagus?
it is a single layer of longitudinally smooth muscle
49
what is the composition of the submucosa of esophagus?
dense, fibroelastic connective tissue that houses the esophageal glands proper
50
what is the name of the plexus between the longitudinal muscle layer and inner circular muscle layer?
auerbach plexus
51
what is this epithelium?
non-keratinized stratified epithelium
52
what does the lower esophageal sphincter do?
it prevents backflow of food and prevents stomach acids to rise
53
what part of the esophagus is this?
middle 1/3
54
where is this?
esophagus
55
what is happening here in the esophagus?
metaplasia
56
how many layers does the muscularis of the stomach have?
3 for proper mixing
57
what cells can be found in the fundus and body?
cells that secrete pepsinogen and HCL
58
what do the glands of the pylorus and cardia secrete?
mucous
59
what enzymes are produced in the stomach?
rennin, pepsin, gastric lipase
60
what are the 3 glandular regions of the stomach?
cardia
fundus
pylorus
61
this organ has longitudinal folds called...?
rugae; the stomach
62
identify
Stomach wall at the fundus: mucosa (M), submucosa (SM), muscularis externa (ME), serosa (S).
63
this layer is connective tissue, with blood vessels and lymphatics?
submucosa of stomach
64
what is the esophagogastric junction?
it is the junciton of the esophagus with the cardiac region of stomach
65
the epithelium changes in the esophagogastric junction, from what to what?
from stratified squamous to simple columnar with invaginations (gastric pits)
66
what separates the mucosa from the submucosa in the stomach?
muscularis mucosae
67
from where to where do the fundic glands extend to?
from muscularis mucosae to base of the gastric pit
68
what epithelium do fundic glands have?
simple columnar
69
what are the 6 cell types for the fundic glands?
1. surface lining cells
2. parietal (oxyntic) cells
3. regenerative (stem) cells
4. mucous neck cells
5. chief (zymogenic) cells
6. diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells
70
what is the P?
gastric pit
71
what is this?
surface mucous cells continous with gastric pits
72
what do gastric glands do?
produce mucous with higher concentration of glycoproteins
73
what do parietal cells produce? what organelle do they require?
HCl; mitochondria
they also produce intrinsic factor (b12 absorption)
74
are parietal cell eosino-basophillic?
eosinophillic
75
are chief cells eosinophillic or basophillic?
basophillic
76
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen which is a protease
77
which are the pyloric glands and which are the gastric glands?
top are gastric
bottom are pyloric
78
what does the epithelium of fundic glands produce? what do they secrete?
alkaline mucous;
pepsinogen and lipase
79
what three glands are in the fundic glands?
1. chief
2. parietal
3. entero-endocrine
80
what are the 3 white cels?
parietal cells
81
what do entero-endocrine cells secrete?
serotonin
82
what are these?
chief (basophillic) and parietal (acidophillic) cells in fundic gland
83
what are these cells and what do the red dots secrete?
chief cells and the red dots are zymogen
84
what is this?
parietal cell
85
parietal cell have receptor for what? binding of the molecules to the receptor causes what?
gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine;
binding causes cell to make hcl and store it in canneliculi
86
What do carbonated anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?
neutralize acids, can cause kidney failure
87
What do H2 blocker anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?
they block histamine decreasing parietal cell activity (including intrinsic factor)
88
What do proton pump inhibitors anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?
they block acid production; this can cause dependency long term causes osteoporosis
89
what is this?
parietal cell
90
what are these cells?
top parietal
below chief
91
what is this?
pyloric gland
92
where are G cells?
they are carried in special capillaries to proper gastric gland region
93
what do G cells secrete?
gastrin
94
what does gastrin do?
it increases motility, HCl, and pepsinogen
95
what is this?
G cell
96
what is the sympathetic innervation of the stomach?
what is the para sympathetic innervation of the stomach?
splanchnic nerves
vagus nerve
97
What is pernicious anemia?
occurs due to lack of intrinsic factor thats secreted by parietal cells.
It causes B12 deficiency
98
what is peptic ulcer disease?
caused by helicobapter pylori, causing excess secretion of acid
99
what do the 3 parts of the small intestine do?
1. duodenum: last part of digestion
2. jejunum: absorb product of digestion
3. ileum: immunological protection
100
what does the lamina propria of small intestine have?
glands
cypts of lieberkuhn
blood vessels
101
what does the crypts of lieberkuhn contain?
DNES
surface absorptive
goblet cells
regenerative cells
paneth cells
102
where can Brunner glands be found?
duodenum
103
where are peyer patches found?
ileum
104
what is the epithelial composition of villi in the small intestine?
simple columnar
it is made up of enterocytes and goblet cells
105
What are the arrow pointing at?
plicae circulares
106
the final breakdown of proteins, carbs and lipids occurs where?
in the microvilli
107
what is an intestinal crypt?
invagination into the lamina propria forming short tubular glands
108
where are paneth cell located?
at the base of the crypts
109
what is this?
paneth cell
110
what is this?
enteroendocrine cell
111
what is this cell in the middle?
enteroendocrine cell
112
what is this?
paneth cell
113
what is this?
paneth cell
114
what is being shown?
paneth cell
115
what do secretions of enteroendocrine cells do?
control gut motility, regulate secretion of enzymes, HCl, bile and other components for digesti
116
is this the ilieum or duodenum?
duodenum
117
is this the ilieum, jejunum or duodenum?
ileum
118
is this the ilieum, jejunum or duodenum?
jejunum
119
is this ileum, jejunum, or duodenum?
duodenum
120
what is another name for the mucosal cells of the duodenum?
brunner glands
121
what is characteristic of the duodenal villi?
it has long villi
122
which are brunner glands?
123
is this duodenum, ileum or jejunum?
duodenum
124
is this jejunum, ileum, duodenum?
duodenum
125
is this duodenum, ileum, jejunum? what are the layers?
duodenum
in order:
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
126
what do jejunum and ileum lack?
submucosal glands
127
what do ileum and jejunum have increasing amounts of?
goblet cells
128
what are two characteristic things of the jejunum?
prominent plicae circulares
nonremarkable submucosa
129
what are 5 characteristics of the ileum?
1. Peyer's Patches
2. M cells
3. bile acid re-absorption
4. absorption of intrinsic factor for B12
130
what is this?
plicae
131
how is the white center called?
lacteal
132
what are the blue parts?
peyer patch
133
what are the round blue parts?
peyer patches
134
where are m cell located?
overlying peyer's patches
135
what do m cells do?
they endocytose antigens and transport them to lymphocytes and macrophages
136
what is the function of the large intestine?
1. absorb water
2. mucus production
137
what is this?
large intestine crypt
138
where is this?
appendix
139
the lamina propria and submucosa of the appendix is filled with what?
lymphocytes
140
what type of epithelium does the anus and rectum have?
simple columnar
141
what controls the anus and rectum?
internal/external sphincter
142
what are hemorrhoids?
dilatation of venous plexus forming varicose vein in the anal/rectal region
143
what epithelium is in the anus?
transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous
144
what are 4 symptoms of ulcers in the GI tract?
abdominal pain
nausea and vomiting
hemamtemesis (blood vomiting)
melena (tarry foul smelling feces)
145
what does diarrhea cause?
dehydration
K+ deficiency
146
what is diverticulosis?
Outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall.
147
diverticulosis is most common in which part of the large intestine?
sigmoid colon; due to increased pressure
148
what is going on?
diverticulosis
149
what is diverticulitis?
Tears in the colon leading to bleeding or perforations may occur.
it can lead to intestinal obstruction or abcess
150
what is a polyp?
Typically hyperplasia of epithelial glands
151
what is a symptom of polyps?
diarrhea, pain, rectal bleeding
\*there is an increased chance of cancer
152
what is this?
polyp
153
what is this?
tubular adenoma
154
what is this?
villous adenoma
155
where does colon cancer occur?
in the lining of the colon and if untreated can grow into muscle layer.
156
are cancers that are confined to the wall of the colon, are they curable?
yes (are still in situ)
