GI

Question 1

what is achlasia

Answer 1

when lower oesophageal sphincter can’t relax

Question 2

benign esophageal stricture

Answer 2

narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties

Question 3

Bulbar palsy is what kind of lesions

Answer 3

lower motor lesions

Question 4

bulbar palsy symptoms

Answer 4

dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
difficulty in chewing
nasal regurgitation
slurring of speech
difficulty in handling secretions
choking on liquids
dysphonia (defective use of the voice, inability to produce sound due to laryngeal weakness)
dysarthria (difficulty in articulating words due to a CNS problem)

Question 5

pharyngeal pouch symptoms

Answer 5

Age (over 70 years).
Dysphagia.
Regurgitation.
Aspiration.
Cough.

Question 6

achlasia symptoms

Answer 6

Backflow (regurgitation) of food.
Chest pain, which may increase after eating, or may be felt as pain in the back, neck, and arms.
Cough.
Difficulty swallowing liquids and solids.
Heartburn.
Unintentional weight loss.

Question 7

what is gilberts syndrome

Answer 7

when liver does not process bilirubin

Question 8

what is raised in hepatitis

Answer 8

alt and ast

Question 9

what is raised in alcoholic liver

Answer 9

ast

Question 10

what to do if over 55 and recent reflux?

Answer 10

urgent referral to endoscopy

Question 11

acronym ALARM for reasons for referral to endscopy

Answer 11

Anemia
Loss of weight
Anorexia
Recent progressive symptoms
Malena or haematemesis

Question 12

symptoms of dyspepsia

Answer 12

upper abdo pain
belching
bloating
N/V

Question 13

what is odynophagia

Answer 13

painful swallowing

Question 14

what can odynophagia be associate with?

Answer 14

horse voice

Question 15

coughing mid swallow could indicate what?

Answer 15

bulbar palsy

Question 16

what could neck bulging when drinking signify?

Answer 16

pharyngeal pouch

Question 17

what could intermittent pain signify?

Answer 17

• abnormal contractions

- esophageal spasm

Question 18

two causes of reguritation

Answer 18

• motility disorder

- malignancy /blockage

Question 19

repeated falls…think

Answer 19

hepatic encephalopathy –> from toxic build up from the liver

Question 20

what can cause ascites?

Answer 20

1. liver chirrhosis

2. portal hypertension

Question 21

can liver failure cause odema?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

2 cause of hypothyroidism

Answer 22

low iodine in diet

hashimotos

Question 23

how to treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

levothyroxine (t4)

Question 24

anti body for primary billary cirrhosis

Answer 24

anti-mitochondrial antibodies

Question 25

what enzyme is raised in primary billary cirhosis?

Answer 25

ALP

Question 26

what antibody is associated with auto-immune hepatitis?

Answer 26

anti-smooth muscle

Question 27

what is angiodysplasia

Answer 27

small vascular malformation of the gut

Question 28

what is a symptoms of angiodysplasia?

Answer 28

bleeding

anemia

Question 29

what is diverticulitis

Answer 29

where pockets become inflamed and infected

Question 30

symptoms of diverticulitis

Answer 30

*sudden, painless bleeding

Tenderness, cramps, or pain in the abdomen (usually in the lower left side but may occur on the right) that is sometimes worse when you move.
Fever and chills.
A bloated feeling, abdominal swelling, or gas.
Diarrhea or constipation.
Nausea and sometimes vomiting.
Loss of appetite.

Question 31

what is a mallory weiss tear?

Answer 31

tear where oesophagus meets stomach

Question 32

symptoms of perforated gastric ulcer

Answer 32

Develop sudden, sharp abdominal pain.
Have a rigid, hard abdomen that is tender to touch.
Have symptoms of shock, such as fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion.
Hypotension
Vomit blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it is maroon or dark, tarry black)

Question 33

symptoms of mallory weiss tear

Answer 33

abdominal pain
vomiting up blood, which is called hematemesis
involuntary retching
bloody or black stools

Question 34

primary biliary cirrhosis symptoms

Answer 34

bone or joint aches
fatigue 
itchy skin 
dry eyes and mouth
problems sleeping
pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the tummy
dizziness when standing up

Question 35

pancreatitis symptoms

Answer 35

Upper abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain that radiates to your back.
Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating.
Fever.
Rapid pulse.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Tenderness when touching the abdomen.

Question 36

symptoms of variceal bleed

Answer 36

Vomiting and seeing significant amounts of blood in your vomit.
Black, tarry or bloody stools.
Lightheadedness.
Loss of consciousness (in severe case)