Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histopath > Gi > Flashcards

Gi Flashcards

1
Q

Classification used for GORD

A

Los Angeles classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metaplasia of squamous to columnar epithelium following chronic GORD

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk factors of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Male
Caucasian
Barett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A 
Alcohol and smoking 
Achalasia of cardia 
Plummer vinson syndrome 
Nutritional deficiencies 
Nitrosamines 
HPV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ethnicity risk factor for Squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma

A

Afrocarribean

M>f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is stomach lined by?

A

Gastric mucosa
Columnar epithelium
Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MHC class of coeliac disease

A

DQ2

Dq8 HLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rash seen in coeliac disease

A

Dermatitis herpetiforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Serological tests to do in coeliac disease

A

Anti endomysial (best spec and sen)

Anti tissue transglutaminase (IgA)
Anti gliadin (Poor marker of disease control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gold standard ix of coeliac disease

A

Upper GI endoscopy and duodenal biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is seen on duodenal biopsy of coeliac disease

A

Villous atrophy
Crypt hyperplasia
Lymphocyte infiltrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cancer associated with coeliac disease

A

Duodenal T cell lymphoma

10% progress to this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Location of volvulus in elderly

A

Sigmoid > caecal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Location of volvulus in infants

A

Small bowel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common location of bowel is charm is

A

Water shed areas
Eg splenic flexure (where the superior mesenteric artery transitions into the inferior mesenteric artery)

Rectosigmoid (where the inferior mesenteric artery transitions into the internal iliac artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abx that increase risk of C. difficile

A

Cipro

Ceph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx of C. difficile

A

Metronidazole

2nd line is vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Investigation for C. difficile

A

Stool culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell origin of tumours causing carcinoid syndrome

A

Enterochromaffin cell origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do enterchronaffin cells produce in carcinoid syndrome which causes the symptoms

A

Serotonin (5HT3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Investigation of choice for carcinoid syndrome

A

24 hour urine 5-HIAA (which is a metabolite of serotonin)

22
Q

Treatment of carcinoid syndrome

A

Octreotide

This is a somatostatin analogue

23
Q

What do villous adenomas cause

A

Hypoproteinasmjc hypokalaemia

Because they leak large amounts of protein and potassium

24
Q

Risk factors for malignancy in adenomas

A

Large size (over 3.4cm)
Degree of dysplasia
Increased villous component

25
Q

Adenoma to carcinoma sequence

A

Normal colon is at risk after first hit mutation in the 1st APC gene (those born with FAP have this mutation)
Second hit to the remaining APC gene
Progression to carcinoma following activation of KRAS, LOF, mutations of p53

26
Q

Juvenile polyposis - autosomal dominant and recessive

A

Autosomal dominant

27
Q

Mutated gene in Peutz Jeghers syndrome

A

LKB1

Autosomal dominant

28
Q

Symptoms and signs of Peutz Jeghers syndrome

A

Multiple polyps
Mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation

Freckles around mouth, palm and soles

29
Q

What are those with Peutz Jeghers syndrome at risk of

A

Intussuception

Malignancy so regular surveillance of GI tract, pelvis, and gonads

30
Q

Age group hyperplastic polyp seems in

A

50-60 years

31
Q

What type of cancer are the majority of colorectal cancers

A

98% adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Most colorectal carcinoma’s are located in

A

Rectum (45%)

33
Q

What is protective for colorectal carcinoma

A

NSAIDs

COX2 is overexpressed in 90% of cases

34
Q

Clinical feature of right sided colorectal cancer

A

Anaemia (iron deficiency)

Weight loss

35
Q

Clinical features of left sided colorectal cancer

A

Weight loss
Change in bowel habit
Crampy LLQ pain

36
Q

What can be measured after diagnosis of colorectal cancer to monitor disease

A 
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
This is raised 
But not very specific or sensitive to be used as a screening tool
37
Q

Staging used for colorectal cancer

A

Duke’s staging
TNM can also be used
A, B1-2, C1-2, D

38
Q

Type of surgery carried out for colorectal cancer if tumour is <1-2cm above anal sphincter (lower 1/3 of rectum)

A

Abdominoperineal resection

39
Q

Type of surgery carried out to remove colorectal cancer tumour >1-2 cm above anal sphincter

A

Anterior resection

40
Q

Operation for sigmoid cancer

A

Sigmoid colectomy

41
Q

What treatment given post op for colorectal cancer to decrease local recurrence

A

Radiotherapy

42
Q

What chemo drug used to tx colorectal cancer

A

5-FU

Fluorouracil

43
Q

Autosomal DOm or recessive - familial adenomatous polyposis

A

Autosomal dominant

44
Q

Gene commonly affected in familial adenomatous polyposis

A

APC gene (70%) - C5q1

A.R. mutation in DNA Mismatch repair genes in 30% cases

45
Q

Number of polyps required for diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyps

A

> 100 adenomatous polyps

46
Q

At birth, what is seen in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

A

Hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium

47
Q

What is Gardner’s

A

Familial syndrome similar to familial adenomatous polyposis but also with extra GI features eg
Dental carries
Osteomas

48
Q

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer / lynch syndrome - AD or AR

A

Autosomal dominant

Mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes

49
Q

Where do carcinomas usually arise in HNPCC

A

Right colon

There are few polyps but they Rogers to malignancy fast (<50 years)

50
Q

Cancers associated with HNPCC

A

Endometrial
Ovarian
Small bowel
Transitional cell and stomach carcinoma

Histopath (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions