GI and Skin Toxicants

Question 1

Difference between Primary and Secondary Photosensitization?

Answer 1

LIVER INVOLVEMENT

Question 2

Primary Photosensitization Plants

Answer 2

St John’s Wort, Buckwheat, Smartweed

Question 3

Primary Photosensitization

Answer 3

NO liver involvement, agent reacts with UV light at skin surface

Question 4

Secondary Photosensitization

Answer 4

metabolite of chlorophyll that’s normally excreted in bile but will accumulate if liver is damaged, reacts with UV light in skin

Question 5

Photosensitization Signs

Answer 5

tissue necrosis, skin sloughing, lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritis

Question 6

Photosensitization Tx

Answer 6

remove source, stay sheltered, antibiotics as needed, lots of recovery time

Question 7

Secondary Photosensitization Plants

Answer 7

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Plants, Lantana, alsike clover

Question 8

Possible additional sign of secondary photosensitization?

Answer 8

icterus

Question 9

Acute Selenium Toxicity Signs

Answer 9

depression, anorexia, weak, ataxic, dyspnea, garlicky breath

Question 10

Selenium Sources

Answer 10

plants but also injectable tx for white muscle dz and mulberry heart dz

Question 11

Chronic Selenium Toxicity Signs

Answer 11

“Alkali disease” = lameness, hoof overgrowth/deformation, hair loss/discoloration, bobtails from hair breakage

Question 12

Petroleum Distillates Skin Signs

Answer 12

defat the skin –> inc. water loss –> dry, cracked, hyperemia, skin scaling; direct irritation and pain

Question 13

Petroleum Distillate Skin Tx

Answer 13

bath and emollient, prevent self trauma and infection

Question 14

emollient

Answer 14

lipid containing creams (return fat to the skin)

Question 15

Arsenic Sources

Answer 15

ant poison, herbicides, Immiticide (Melarsomine), pressure-treated wood

Question 16

Main clinical sign of arsenic toxicosis?

Answer 16

Rice water diarrhea! (bloody with shreds of mucosa)

Question 17

Arsenic Antidotes?

Answer 17

chelators (BAL for LA, DMSA in SA) but must be given quickly

Question 18

Why are cattle more susceptible to arsenic toxicosis?

Answer 18

people burn the pressure treated wood in their pastures and cows like the salty ashes so they eat it and then they die, RIP

Question 19

Aspirin Clinical Signs

Answer 19

GI ulceration, centrilobular liver necrosis

Question 20

Aspirin Tx

Answer 20

supportive care, GI protectants, cathartic if at toxic liver dose

Question 21

Poisonous Plants with Lectins (3)

Answer 21

1. Precatory bean
2. Castor Bean
3. Black locust

Question 22

Toxin in Black locust tree?

Answer 22

Robin (horse eat the bark which has the highest concentration)

Question 23

Toxin in castor bean

Answer 23

ricin (don’t chew, that makes it worse)

Question 24

toxin in precatory bean

Answer 24

abrin; causes severe GI upset shock and death with very few beans (ornamental jewelry)

Question 25

Lectin Outcome?

Answer 25

multi-organ failure

Question 26

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Plants

Answer 26

1. Diffenbachia 2. Philodendron 3. Spathiphyllum (peace lily) your waxy green houseplants!

Question 27

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Clinical Signs

Answer 27

oral irritation, drooling, swelling of oral cavity

Question 28

Raphide

Answer 28

spiky crystals that shoot out of insoluble calcium oxalate plants when threatened, cause ouchies

Question 29

Tx for Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Crystals?

Answer 29

anything with calcium, the best solution is simply milk (can also give GI protectants)

Question 30

Buttercup clinical signs?

Answer 30

blisters! affects horses a lot

Question 31

Diterpenoid Plants (2)

Answer 31

Crown of Thorns, Poinsettias

Question 32

Diterpenoid MOA

Answer 32

white milky sap activates protein kinase C

Question 33

Diterpenoid Clinical Signs

Answer 33

mild GI upset (some vomiting), but really self-limiting

Question 34

Bulb Plant Clinical Signs

Answer 34

SEVERE gastroenteritis, vomiting, hypervolemia

Question 35

Bulb Plants

Answer 35

daffodils, tulips, hyacinths

Question 36

Trichothecenes

Answer 36

group of mycotoxins that can be found on corn, milo, wheat, rye, barley

Question 37

Trichothecenes Clinical Signs

Answer 37

dermal/oral irritation and necrosis, GI ulceration, vomiting, feed refusal

Question 38

Trichothecenes Tx

Answer 38

remove source, provide clean feed, symptomatic and supportive

Question 39

Are expanding adhesives toxic?

Answer 39

not really, but they cause a pretty nasty foreign body (ex: Gorilla glue, spray foam insulation) and are even a perforation risk (also produces heat!)

Question 40

Isocyanate

Answer 40

polyurethane adhesive with potential for foreign body

Question 41

Expanding Adhesive Clinical Signs

Answer 41

unproductive vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distension and pain

Question 42

Expanding Adhesive Tx

Answer 42

surgical removal

Question 43

Types of Corrosive Agents

Answer 43

1. Acids 2. Alkalis 3. Cationic Detergents

Question 44

Acid Corrosive Agent Lesions and Signs

Answer 44

causes coagulative necrosis of tissue; painful because nerve endings still exist

Question 45

Alkali Corrosive Agent Lesions and Signs

Answer 45

causes liquefactive necrosis which kills nerve endings so not painful and animal should continue to eat/drink/etc

Question 46

Cationic Detergent Corrosive Agents

Answer 46

disinfectants, hand sanitizer, dishwasher detergent

Question 47

Corrosive Agent Clinical Signs

Answer 47

act locally so ulcers/pain at the site, high fevers (105+)

Question 48

Should you neutralize corrosive agents?

Answer 48

NO, and never use emesis or lavage or activated charcoal either!!!!

Question 49

Corrosive Agent Ingestion Tx

Answer 49

Dilute with milk or water! GI protectant (sucralfate slurry), opioids for pain, supportive care