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605 Toxicology > Peripheral Circulation and Repro > Flashcards

Peripheral Circulation and Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanide Sources

A

seeds and pits of pears, apples, peaches, cherries, apricots, cassava, bamboo shoots

(can also technically get from house fires and “coyote coppers” whatever those are)

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2
Q

cyanogenic glycoside

A

cyanide bound to a sugar moiety

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3
Q

Main Clinical Sign of Cyanide Posioning?

A

CHERRY RED blood!

because the tissues are well-oxygenated they just can’t use it

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4
Q

Cyanide Onset Time?

A

15-30 minutes until death

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5
Q

Unique PostMortem finding for cyanide posioning?

A

burnt almond smell to gut contents

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6
Q

Cyanide Tx

A

sodium nitrite and sodium thiaminase OR hydroxocobalamine (to form vit B12 and secrete in urine)

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7
Q

Carbon Monoxide Sources

A

fire, vehicle exhaust, faulty water heaters/furnaces

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8
Q

Carbon Monoxide MOA

A

absorbed in lung and binds to hemoglobin making carboxyhemoglobin and takes up the space normally occupied by oxygen so there’s decreased off-loading of oxygen to tissue

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9
Q

Canary in a Coal Mine

A

birds have high metabolic rates so would be affected by CO way faster than a human

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10
Q

Carbon Monoxide Clinical Signs

A

cherry-red skin and mucous membranes, drowsiness, weakness, dyspnea, coma, death

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11
Q

Carbon Monoxide Treatment

A

ventilate and provide oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen if available (this decreases the CO half-life so can be eliminated faster)

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12
Q

Common Sources of Zinc

A

post1982 pennies, Monopoly game tokens, kennel nuts and bolts, galvanized wire, zinc oxide ointment (lifeguards and the diaper rash)

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13
Q

What species are susceptible to zinc toxicosis?

A

all

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14
Q

Zinc MOA

A

leached from metal by acids in the stomach (therefore is pH dependent), once ionized is readily absorbed and causes anemia

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15
Q

Zinc Clinical Signs

A

hemolysis leading to secondary renal failure (also pancreatic necrosis)

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16
Q

Zinc Ingestion Diagnosis?

A

radiographs mainly, but can also test serum in a ROYAL BLUE TUBE

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17
Q

Why can’t you use a red top tube for zinc testing?

A

the red top has zinc in the rubber stopper

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18
Q

Why do you not give chelators in zinc toxicosis?

A

both available chelators are renal toxic, and once the zinc is removed the patient typically stabilizes

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19
Q

Zinc Toxicosis Treatment

A

can induce emesis (after feeding?), endoscopic removal, surgical removal

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20
Q

Are penguins dummies?

A

yes, they get periodic radiographs to remove any metal they’ve eaten because they’re dummies

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21
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

GARLIC, onions, chives, leeks, shallot (dried, raw, cooked, pickled, all of it)

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22
Q

There’s a leek in the boat!

A
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23
Q

Propyl Disulfide Clinical Signs

A

odorous breath (duh), hemoglobinuria, anemia, inappetence, recumbency, tachycardia and tachypnea

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24
Q

Peak Effect of Propyl Disulfide occurs when?

A

~5 days post exposure

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25
Propyl Disulfide MOA
metabolizes to form free radicals --> hemolysis --> Heinz bodies --> anemia --> possible methemoglobin
26
Is this a Heinz body?
no, silly
27
Is this a Heinz body?
yes - inclusions which form within erythrocytes following oxidative damage to the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule (so the little dots)
28
Species affected by propyl disulfide?
all
29
Most sensitive species to propyl disulfide? Why?
Cats - have more sites for oxidative damage on their hemoglobin molecule (8) versus dogs (4) or humans (2)
30
Propyl Disulfide Tx
blood transfusion, fluids, bicarbonate, antioxidants
31
Only species affected by red maple?
EQUIDS (d/t low capacity for hemoglobin reduction)
32
pyrogallol
red maple stuff
33
Red Maple Clinical Signs
depression, anorexia, ADR, brown MM, brown urine, eventually renal failure, anemia and Heinz bodies
34
Red Maple Tx
blood transfusion
35
Nitrates affect what species?
mainly ruminants, horses are less sensitive, monogastrics even less so
36
Nitrate Toxicity Clinical Signs
brown/grey/muddy MM, brown colored blood ((methemoglobinemia) and cast to all tissues weakness, exercise intolerance, collapse, death
37
Nitrate Antidote??
methylene blue! must be given SLOWLY
38
Why is methylene blue a problem?
180 days withdrawal in cattle for both meat and milk, so no income for six months!
39
Nitrate Toxicosis Treatment
wait it out, dilute forage as necessary, careful handling
40
Acetaminophen
causes methemoglobinemia and hepatic necrosis in cats, also Heinz bodies
41
Acetaminophen antidote?
n-acetylcysteine
42
First Gen Anticoagulant Rodenticides
short acting, don't build up in the body, multiple doses required to be toxic (ex: warfarin)
43
Second Gen Anticoagulant Rodenticides
long acting, one feeding sufficient for death
44
What coagulation factor has the shortest half-life?
Factor VII (7)
45
How long for onset of clinical signs?
3-7 days
46
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Clinical Signs
lethargy, exercise intolerance, possible anorexia, weakness, hemorrhage, bruising, dyspnea, seizures, death these clinical signs are highly dependent on where the bleeding occurs (most common = thoracic cavity)
47
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Diagnosis
monitor prothrombin time (PT) and can see if affected before actually seeing bleeding (~48 hours)
48
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Antidote?
Vitamin K1
49
Tx for Hemorrhaging Anticoagulant Rodenticide Patients?
CLOTTING FACOTRS (blood/plasma transfusion)
50
Is secondary toxicity common for anticoagulant rodenticides?
No, but it does happen sometimes but they gotta eat a lot (think a bird or barn cat)
51
White and Yellow Sweet Clover Clinical Signs
hemorrhage
52
White and Yellow Sweet Clover Tx
clean feed, keep calm, blood transufsion would be great but typically cattle, Vitamin K1 ($$)
53
Copper Toxicosis Main Species?
SHEEP (accidentally feed wrong diet or manure fertilizer in pasture)
54
Copper Toxicosis Clinical Signs
hemolysis, gunmetal blue kidneys and a swollen friable liver IN SHEEP
55
Copper Toxicosis Tx
ammonium tetra-thiomolybdate injection (IV/SQ) (but has potential for food residues)
56
Copper Toxicity can be found in what dogs and why?
Doberman pinschers (acquired copper burden) and Bedlington, Westies, and SKye terriers (autosomal recessive trait with defect in copper metabolism)
57
Does copper toxicity cause a hemolytic crisis in dogs?
no
58
Copper Signs in Dogs
pale brown nodular liver, weight loss, anorexia
59
Copper Tx in Dogs
D-penicillamine (but often causes vomiting) or Trientine (copper chelator)
60
Bracken Fern Clinical Sign in Blood
aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep (pancytopenia, hemorrhage)
61
Pit Viper Bite Clinical Signs
pain, regional swelling, severity affected by bite location; later can have arrythmias, tachycardia, shock, renal failure
62
3 Major Pit Viper Venom Types
1. Tissue Destroying/Coagulopathy 2. Neurotoxic 3. Combination of the above
63
Are these Heinz bodies?
NO these are echinocytes
64
What should you NOT treat pit viper bites with?
tourniquets, ice packs, alcohol, suctions, anything anyone says normally this is crazy
65
Best treatment for pit viper bite?
Antivenins, also IV crystalloid fluids
66
Recluse Spider Clinical Signs
causes a NON-HEALING wound
67
Recluse Spider Bite Tx
WOUND CARE that's really it
68
Black Walnut
found often in bedding and causes laminitis in horses within 4-12 hours, give anti-inflammatories and supportive care
69
Fluoride in Small Animals
acute condition, often due to getting into toothpaste or tablets, it's an irritiant which causes profuse vomiting d/t creation of hydrofluoric acid in stomach, GI hemorrhage secondary
70
Fluoride in Cattle
chronic condition, causes weak teeth therefore nerve exposure and won't eat/drink, and bony proliferation (skeletal fluorosis) on long parts of long bones; shortened lifespan
71
Acute Fluoride Tx
emesis, NPO, supportive care
72
Chronic Fluoride Tx
just keep comfortable (easy feeds)
73
False hellebore
causes CYLOPIAN LAMBS IF CONSUMED ON DAY 14, monkey face, prolonged gestation, motor nerve paralysis, cleft palate (also can affect cattle, goats, llamas)
74
Plants causing Neuromuscular Blockades
1. Tobacco 2. Poison Hemlock 3. Lupine
75
Neuromuscular Blockade MOA
prevents normal fetal movement during gestation so can cause arthrogryposis, scoliosis, kyphosis, etc
76
arthogryposis
limb contracture leading to abnormal joint angles
77
cleft palate
hard palate doesn't fully close so oral and nasal cavities communicate
78
hydrops allantois
excessive accumulation of fluid in allantoic sac leading to abdominal distension
79
kyphosis
bowing or outward curvature of spine (humpback)
80
scoliosis
sideways curvature of spine
81
torticollis
abnormal curving of the neck
82
Fescue
grass with a fungal infection that can affect cattle, sheep, and horses
83
4 Syndromes of Fescue Toxicosis
1. Fescue foot (gangrene) 2. Summer slump 3. Fat necrosis 4. Equine agalactia/dystocia
84
Fescue MOA
ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction --> poor peripheral blood flow to extremities, fat stores, and placenta
85
Tx for Equine Agalactia
Domperidone ($$$)
86
Isocupressic Acid
from pine needles (lodgepole, ponderosa, and junipers) and causes abortion in cattle
87
Gossypol Repro Clinical Signs
reduce contraception, abortions, smaller litters, affects follicular development, suppression of hormones, in MALE RUMINANTS DECREASES SPERM MOTILITY AND PRODUCTION
88
Zearalenone
mycotoxin that mimics estrogen, causing mammary gland enlargement and atrophy of testes in males; female affect dependent on where in repro cycle; pigs most sensitive

605 Toxicology (9 decks)

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