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605 Toxicology > PNS and Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

PNS and Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

2 Types of Acetylcholine Receptors

A
  1. Muscarinic
  2. Nicotinic
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2
Q

Nicotinic Ach Receptors

A

found in autonomic ganglia, brain, skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Muscarinic Ach Receptors

A

found in brain, heart, exocrine organs, GI, smooth muscle

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4
Q

4 Possible MOAs for Ach Receptor Toxicants

A
  1. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
  2. Cholinergic antagonists (Anticholinergics)
  3. Muscarinic agonists
  4. Cholinergic agonists
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5
Q

Muscarinic Agonists

A
  1. Muscarinic Mushrooms
  2. Slaframine
  3. Solanaceous Plants
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6
Q

Cholinergic Agonists

A
  1. Tobacco (Nicotine)
  2. Poison Hemolock
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7
Q

2 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

A
  1. Organophosphates (OPs)
  2. Carbamate

(bonus: blue-green algae acts as a natural OP)

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8
Q

SLUDDE signs

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
Dyspnea
Emesis

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9
Q

OP and Carbamate clinical signs

A

Muscarinic: SLUDDE, miosis, bradycardia
Nicotinic: fasciculation, tremors, tetany
CNS (mixture): depression, hyperstimulation, seizures

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10
Q

miosis

A

excessive pupil constriction

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11
Q

atropine

A

high dose effective antidote for MUSCARINIC effects of OPs/carbamates

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12
Q

2-PAM

A

antidote for NICOTINIC effects; complexes with OPs and releases AChE

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13
Q

Tx for OP/Carbamates

A

decontaminate, atropine, 2-PAM for OPs, supportive care

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14
Q

Common OPs/Carbamates

A

insecticides, nerve gas

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15
Q

Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Syndromes (3)

A
  1. Microcystins (hepatotoxins)
  2. Anatoxin-a
  3. Anatoxin-a(s)
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16
Q

Anticholinergic Pharmaceuticals (3)

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Scopolamine
  3. Hyocyamine
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17
Q

Anticholinergic Plants

A
  1. Solanaceae family
  2. Belladonna/nightshade
  3. Jimson weed
  4. Henbane
  5. Angel’s Trumpet
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18
Q

Anticholinergic Signs

A

vasodilation, tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth, ileus, myadriasis, altered mental status, fever, seizures (CNS and PNS signs)

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19
Q

Anticholinergic Antidote?

A

physostigmine

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20
Q

Muscarinic Mushroom Signs

A

SLUDDE signs

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21
Q

Muscarinic Mushroom Tx

A

atropine

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22
Q

Slaframine Source?

A

red clover infected with a specific fungus

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23
Q

Slaframine Clinical Signs

Study These Flashcards
A

SLOBBERS (EXCESSIVE salivation)

24
Q

Main species affected by slaframine?

Study These Flashcards
A

horses (but sometimes cattle and sheep too)

25
Slaframine Tx?
remove from forage (atropine only effective if asymptomatic)
26
Solanaceous Plants
green potatoes, tomatoes, different nightshades
27
Clinical Signs of Solanaceous Plants
mainly GI, but can cause weakness and ataxia as well
28
Tobacco
cholinergic agonist can be found in cigarettes, cigars, snuff, gum, vape fluid
29
Low Dose Tobacco (Nicotine) Signs
stimulatory (SLUDDE) signs
30
High Dose Tobacco (Nicotine) Signs
depression, weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrest, death
31
Tobacco Tx
symptomatic
32
Poison Hemlock Signs
plant that acts like high dose nicotine weakness, tremors, ataxia, drooling, mydriasis, death
33
Ionophore Cardiac Signs are seen in what two species?
horse and cattle paleness/streaking of endocardium --> endocardial hemorrhage
34
Ionophore Skeletal Muscle Signs are seen in what three species?
pigs, dogs, sheep (also paleness/streaking/hemorrhage)
35
Ionophore Toxicity Tx
can decontaminate if asymptomatic but otherwise its only supportive care
36
Macadamia nuts are only toxic to what species?
DOGS
37
Macadamia Nut Clinical Signs
hindlimb weakness (progressive) but then goes away after ~24-48 hours, dogs make full recovery
38
Hops affects what species?
DOGS
39
Hops Clinical Signs
SEVERE hyperthermia (108+), also myoglobinuria, agitation, tachypnea
40
Hops Antidote?
dantrolene (direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant)
41
Hybrid Sudan Grass
skeletal muscle toxicant in horses
42
Equine cystitis-ataxia syndrome
chronic cyanide intoxication
43
Active compound in hybrid Sudan grass?
cyanide
44
Hybrid Sudan Grass MOA
cyanide converted to beta-cyanoalanine and degenerates the myselin shelths in the longest nerves in the body
45
Hybrid Sudan Grass Clinical Signs
ATAXIA, paralysis of urinary bladder, urine scald, cystitis, paralysis of perineum, vaginitis
46
Hybrid Sudan Grass Tx
antibiotics and supportive care
47
Widow Spiders MOA
six neuroactive proteins, but primarily alpha-latrotoxin causes release then depletion of Ach and NE (norepinephrine) at postganglionic sympathetic synapses
48
Widow Spider Clinical Signs
myalgia, pain (Charlie horse like) --> hypertension, tachycardia
49
myalgia
muscle cramps
50
Widow Spider Tx
control pain, muscle relaxers, should resolve within 72 hours
51
Coral Snake Clinical Signs
back-to-front paralysis (no matter the bite location), hypotension, vomiting
52
Coral Snake Tx
supportive care (intubate/ventilate as needed)
53
snakey phrase for north america
red on yellow kill a fellow red on black friend of Jack
54
Larkspur
plant of pretty purple flowers that affects cattle by blocking nicotinic receptors
55
Larkspur Clinical Signs
constipation, bloat, oral irritation, muscle tremors, stiffness, collapse, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, death within 3-4 hours
56
Larkspur Tx
turn the cows uphill (to relieve bloat), also physostigmine

605 Toxicology (9 decks)

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