Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Boards > GI Anderson > Flashcards

GI Anderson Flashcards

(112 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

constrictor muscles for swallowing are innervated by

A

CN 10 mostly and CN 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

levator and tensor palati are innervation by

A

CN 5 and 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

palatophryngeus, palatoglossus,and salpingopharyngeus which are do deglutination and open the auditory tube are innervated by

A

CN 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stylopharyngeus which elevated the larynx is innervated by

A

CN 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gingivitis

A

calculus causes inflammation of gingival tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vincent’s Angina/Trench Mouth/Necrotizing Gingivitis

A

mixed infection Borrelia Vincentii and Fusobacterium…young adults with poor oral hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation in periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, cementum of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

herpes stomatitis

A

cold sores, fever blisters, HSV I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

leukoplakia

A

any hyperkeratotic lesion benign to malignant; strongly correlated to tobacco & alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

apthous stomatitis

A

canker sores, immune complex vasculitis, stress, hormonal changes, autoimmune, not herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Koplick’s spots

A

measles, precedes skin rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

thrush

A

candida albicans, babies, diabetics, antibiotics, KOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

tobacco, alcohol, Herpes Simplex I, syphilis,sunlight; lowerlip, tongue, floor of mouth; farther posterior=less well differentiated & more aggressive; poor prognosis, mestastasizes to lungs, liver, LN, bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parotitis

A

mumps virus, can cause orchitis as sequelae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sjorgren’s syndrome

A

dry eyes, dry mouth, immune mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what innervates the esophagus

A

CN 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type of muscle in the upper esophagus

A

striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type of muscle in the lower esophagus

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pharyngitis

A

Concomitant with viral upper resp. infection…Bacterial cause often beta hemolytic strep,
Post-strep Rheumatic fever & GN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Pharyngeal)

A

Smoking, Tend to grow silently until become unresectable, Spread to cervical LN or elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

95% are sliding type, often from increased abdominal pressure, results in GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

esophageal varices

A

Secondary to portal hypertension, alcoholic cirrhosis;

Distal esophagus & proximal stomach, asymptomatic until rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

esophagitis

A

GERD, irritation, alcohol, smoking…sequelae is barret’s esophagus which converts squamous to columnar gastric cells=adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

sequela of Barrett’s esophagus, male, smokers, distal esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of esophagus
Alcohol, smoking, fungal, nitrosamine containing foods, Zinc and other vitamin & mineral deficiencies may predispose, Mid to distal esophagus, dysphagia & obstruction
26
artery of the stomach
celiac artery is the main, also L and R gastric
27
gastric vein goes to
portal vein of liver
28
acute gastritis
NSAIDs, ETOH, smoking, stress, idiopathic, | Erosion of superficial epithelium, asymptomatic or ulcer-like pain
29
chronic gastritis
Often without erosions, Autoimmune cause of lost parietal cells & IF, H. pylori, hypo or achlorhydria, B12 def. most asymptomatic
30
hypochlorhydria
Chronic gastritis leading to atrophy of fundal mucosal cells ...Immune mediated destruction of parietal cells...Hashimotos thyroiditis, Addisons; B 12 def, macrocytic anemia
31
Gastric Carcinoma
more common in asian countries, increased risk with type A blood
32
gastric ulcer
H Pylori in 75% of cases, less curvature, burning epigastric pain post-eating. Pain worse with food intake and better antacid/milk/fish
33
duodenal ulcer
75% of all PUD, H Pylori, burning epigastric pain 1-3 hours after eating, better eating
34
bile enters intestines through the
greater duodenal papilla...enzymes through greater and lesser
35
which part of the SI has the most lymphatics
ileum, called peyer's patches
36
what is the sympathetic innervation to the jejunum
splanchnic...also has superior mesenteric artery/vein and vagus for parasympathetics
37
adynamic ileus
paralysis of bowel, often due to intestinal vascular obstruction
38
ischemic enteritis
Mucosal inflammation and ulceration caused by partial arterial occlusion, small vessel disease, venous obstruction, chronic vascular insufficiency...Most common in colon (i.e. ischemic colitis).
39
intestinal infarction
Incomplete or complete necrosis, gangrene and perforation due to any cause of vascular compromise (occlusive or non-occlusive)
40
intusseption
one segment of SI telescopes into immediate distal segment
41
nerve of the external sphincter
pudendal
42
vessel to the ascending colon
superior mesenteric
43
vessel to entire color other than ascending
inferior mesenteric
44
parasympathetic nerves of large intestine
pelvin splanchnics
45
sympathetic nerve to large intestine
hypogastric plexus
46
diverticulosis
Herniation of colon mucosa through muscularis, submucosa & adventitia
47
diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula, usu sigmoid colon, like appendicitis on left side
48
Colorectal Carcinoma
60-70 yo males, low fiber diet, bacteria convert primary bile acids to secondary carcinogenic acids, CEA marker in later stages
49
regional enteritis/Crohns
skip lesions, string sign, cobblestoning appearance, pain more than diarrhea
50
chronic UC
rectum or whole colon, continuous, ulceration with pseudopolyps, bloody mucoid diarrhea, toxic megacolon
51
acute pancreatitis
exocrine pancreas inflammation
52
pancreatic cancer
duct cells of exocrine pancreas, heavy smoking triples risk, 60% in head of the pancreas, jaundice, mostly silent until late
53
Trousseau's syndrome
migratory thrombophlebitis/clots
54
acute liver failure
fulminant hepatitis, toxic damage
55
cholestasis
reduction of bile flow, elevated serum bilirubin and alk phos
56
what two things comprise the enteric nervous system of the GI tract
submucosal plexus (Meissner's) and myenteric plexus (Auerbach's)
57
Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus does
motility
58
Submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus does
secretion and blood flow
59
gastric H is stimulated by
histamine
60
gastrin comes from
G cells
61
CCK in the duodenum/jejunum comes from
I cells
62
secretin in the duodenum/jejunum comes from
S cells
63
paracrines
somatostatin, histamine
64
somatostatin
inhibits GI hormone release and acid secretion
65
histamine
stimulates gastric H secretion
66
enkephalins
stimulate GI contraction at sphincters, stop fluid and electrolyte release
67
pepsinogen is secreted by
chief cells
68
parietal cells secrete
HCL and IF
69
B12 is absorbed in the
terminal ileum
70
iron is absorbed in the
duodenum
71
carbs and amino acids are absorbed in the
duodenum and jejunum
72
bile salts are absorbed in the
terminal ileum
73
difference b/w the common hepatic duct and the common bile duct
common bile duct comes after the cystic duct from the gall bladder has joined with the common hepatic duct
74
primary bile acids
synthesized from cholesterol...cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid
75
secondary bile acids
converted from primary bile acids by bacteria in intestines...deoxycholic and lithocholic acids
76
bile acids are conjugated w/ ___ to form
glycine or taurine to form bile salts
77
bilirubin comes from
RBCs that have died
78
bile acids are synthesized in the
liver
79
the rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis is
the introduction of a hydroxyl group at Carbon 7 of the steroid ring by 7-alpha-hydroxylase which is inhibited by cholic acid
80
function of bile acids
emulsifying agents in the intestine helping to prepare dietary triglycerides and other complex lipids for degradation by pancreatic enzymes
81
function of bile salts
provide only significant mechanism for cholesterol excretion
82
hepatitis A
children, fecal oral, no carrier or chronic state
83
Hep B
blood born, maternal/fetal, acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis which may lead to hepatic carcinoma
84
Hep C
blood born, chronic, cirrhosis in 5-10 years, risk for hepatic cancer
85
Wilson's Dz (copper) can cause
cirrhosis
86
cholelithiasis
female, fat, forty, fertile
87
all amino acids are absorbed by
Na dependent cotransport
88
describe right lymphatic drainage
upper right half of body only...right lymphatic duct drains to right subclavian
89
describe left lymphatic drainage
drains most of the body. cysterna chyli drains lower half, joins thoracic duct and then drained to left subclavian
90
deficiency of Vit A
night blindness
91
deficiency of vit D
rickets/osteomalacia
92
deficiency of vit E
ataxia
93
deficiency of vit K
factor 2/7/9/10 bleeding disorders
94
deficiency of B1
beriberi
95
deficiency of B2
cheilosis/glossitis
96
deficiency of B3
pellagra (dementia, diarrhea, dermaitits)
97
deficiency of B5
bruning feet/HA/nausea
98
deficiency of B6
microcytosis/neuropathy
99
deficiency of B12
macrocytosis/pernicious anemia/neuropathy
100
deficiency of vit C
scurvy
101
deficiency of biotin
seborrheic dermatitis, nervous disorders, macrocytosis/glossitis/colitis
102
a free radical turns ascorbate to
dehydroascorbic acid
103
major storage site of Vit E is
fat
104
most potent form of tocopherol (vit E)
alpha tocopherol
105
storage of vitamin A
in the liver as retinyl palmitate
106
vitamin D process in skin
uv light converts 7-hydroxycholesterol to cholecalciferol (D3)
107
vitamin D process in liver
cholecalciferol (D3) from skin is turned to 25-hydryo-D3 by 25-hydrozylase enzyme
108
vitamin D process in kidney
25-hydro-D3 has two potential pathways. To take more Ca into bone and lower serum Ca 24-hydroxylase with turn 25-hydro-D3to 24,25-Dihydro-D3...to take calcium out of bone and increase serum Ca 1-alpha-hydrozylase will turn 25-hydro-D3 to 1,25-Dihydro-D3
109
what does PTH do to affect Ca
inactivates 24-hydroxylase enzyme in the kidney so that less calcium is taken from blood to bone
110
what micromineral is needed to metabolize alchohol
zinc
111
what micromineral is used in muscle contraction
magnesium
112
glutathione is preserved by
ascorbate

Boards (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions