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GI - MSI Spring > GI Glands > Flashcards

GI Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Secretory mechanism: exocytosis

What is the gland classification?

A

merocrine

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2
Q

Secretory mechanism: gland releases product together with a small amount of apical cytoplasm of secretory cell
What is the classification?

A

Apocrine

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3
Q

Secretory mechanism: whole cell

What is the classification?

A

holocrine

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4
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water, and IgA

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5
Q

What gland produces the majority (70%) of the saliva?

A

submandibular

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6
Q

Which gland secretes amylase-rich saliva?

A

parotid

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of parotid glands?

A 
Serous glands
Plasma cells: Make IgA
Serous acini 
Enzymes: amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme
Antimicrobial proteins: proline-rich, histatins, cystatins, statherin
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of sublingual glands?

A

Mucus gland: mucus acini predominate
Serous cells produce salivary amylase
Branched tubuloalveolar glands
Primary function: lubrication

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of submandibular glands?

A

mixed serous and mucus

Serous demilune: mucous cells close to acinus of intercalated ducts

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10
Q

What part of the salivary gland duct is there transport of ions and water?

A

Striated duct

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11
Q

What 3 constituents of saliva does the protective function of the saliva depend on?

A

lysozyme: attack walls of bacteria
Lactoferrin: chelates iron necessary for bacterial growth
IgA: neutralizes bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

What is the function of amylase and lingual lipase?

A

amylase: initial digestion of carbs

Lingual lipase: hydrolysis of dietary lipids

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13
Q

What are the primary targets of rabies and mumps virus? What can this cause

A

parotid glands
Transmitted in saliva
Complications of mumps: orchitis (lead to sterility) and meningitis
Issue with mumps is the surgery for removal of tumors (facial nerve damage possible)

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14
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islet of langerhans (2% volume of pancreas) regulates glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into bloodstream

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15
Q

What is the functional histologic unit of the exocrine pancreas?

A

acinus which contains centroacinar cells that are continuous with low cuboidal epithelial lining of intercalated duct

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16
Q

What do centroacinar cells secrete?

A

these cells (duct cells) secrete bicarb solution under stimulation of secretin and secrete mucin

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17
Q

What two peptide hormones increase the flow of pancreatic fluid?

A

CCK and secretin

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18
Q

What peptide hormon produced by enteroendocrine cells of duodenal mucosa binds to acinar cells to stimulate release of zymogen?

A

CCK

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19
Q

Brunner’s glands secrete what? What is the purpose?

A

Bicarb ions and alkaline secretion

Neutralize acidic gastric chyme in duodenal lumen and activate pancreatic digestive enzymes

20
Q

What causes acute pancreatitis?

A

premature activation of pancreatic enzymes and inactivation of trypsin inhibitor result in autodigestion of pancreatic acini
Usually follows heavy meals or alcohol

21
Q

What are the clinical features of acute pancreatitis?

A

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid elevation of amylase and lipase in serum

22
Q

Where does blood from portal vein and the hepatic artery mix in the liver? Where do they converge?

A

siusoids of the liver lobules and converge at central venule of liver lobule

23
Q

Central venules converge to form what?

A

sublobular veins

24
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

25
Q

What does the central venule (vein) of the hepatic lobule collect?

A

Sinusoidal blood containing a mixture of blood supplied by branches of the portal vein and hepatic a

26
Q

What are the 3 types of functional units of the liver?

A

Classic hepatic lobule: hexagonal surrounding central vein; portal triad at angles
Portal lobule: triangular; center is bile duct collecting from 3 hepatic lobules; angles are central veins
Liver acinus: blood and bile flow in opposite directions

27
Q

What are small blood vessels between radiating rows of hepatocytes called?

A

sinusoids

28
Q

What macrophages can be found withing sinusoids? what are the function?

A

Kupffer cells involved in recycling of old red blood cells

29
Q

What is the characteristic of endothelium that lines liver sinusoids?

A

fenestrated and lacks continuous basement membrane

30
Q

What is the space between the fenestrated endothelium and the cords called? What extends into this space?

A

space of disse

microvilli of hepatocytes allowing proteins and other plasma components from sinusoids to be absorbed by hepatocytes

31
Q

What are Ito cells?

A

hepatic stellate cells located at intervals w/i space of disse
Storage sites for fat and vit A

32
Q

What produces bile? Where does bile flow?

A

hepatocytes
Flows in opposite direction to blood and transported through bile canaliculi into canal of Hering and then into bile duct

33
Q

Which side of the hepatocyte extends into the space of disse?

A

basolateral domain

34
Q

What does the basolateral domain of hepatocytes participate in?

A

the absorption of blood-born substances like bilirubin, hormones, vit B12, substances to be detoxified
Secretion of plasma proteins like albumin fibrinogen, complement proteins

35
Q

What is the functional endocrine and exocrine cell of the liver?

A

hepatocytes

36
Q

Hepatocytes contain SER, what do the functions of SER include?

A

synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, and drugs
breakdown of glycogen
detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs

37
Q

What is bile and what does it participate in?

A

mixture of organic and inorganic substances produced by hepatocyte
Participates in excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin and electrolytes

38
Q

What does fat absorption in intestinal lumen depend on?

A

fat-emulsifying function of bile salts

39
Q

_____ transports IgA to intestinal mucosa

A

Bile

40
Q

What process is the secretion of bile into the bile canaliculus?

A

ATP-mediated process

41
Q

Long term consumption of ethanol results in what?

A

fatty liver; reversible process

42
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

collagen proliferation of fibrosis of liver

43
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

malignant transformation of hepatocytes

44
Q

What are the main functions of gallbladder?

A

storage, concentration, and release of bile

45
Q

Why do galstones form?

A

bc of cholesterol and pigments in bile form hard particles
Cholesterol stones: yellow-green
Pigment: smaller and darker and made up of bilirubin

GI - MSI Spring (11 decks)

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