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Physiology section 3 > GI Lecture 51 > Flashcards

GI Lecture 51 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is highest where?

A

Duodenum

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2
Q

Absorption of calcium, folate, and iron is highest where?

A

Duodenum

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3
Q

Absorption of bile acids are highest where?

A

Terminal ileum

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4
Q

What carbohydrates are able to be absorbed?

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

What is starch?

A

mixture of both straight and branch-chain polymers of glucose

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6
Q

Amylose

A

straight chain polymers

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7
Q

Amylopectin

A

branched-chain polymersq

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8
Q

Composition of Trehalose

A

2 glucose molecules

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9
Q

Composition of Sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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10
Q

Composition of Lactose

A

glucose and galactose

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11
Q

What the three monosaccharides?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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12
Q

Name a carbohydrate that can’t be digested?

A

cellulose

-due to beta 1,4 linkages

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13
Q

Products of amylase digestion

A
  • alpha-limit dextrins
  • maltose
  • maltotriose
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14
Q

What digests alpha-dextrins?

A

-alpha dextrinase

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15
Q

What digests maltose?

A

-maltase

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16
Q

What digests maltotriose and sucrose?

A

-sucrase

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17
Q

What digests trehalose?

A

-trehalase

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18
Q

What digests lactose?

A

-lactase

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19
Q

SGLT1

A

simperer transports glucose or galactose against concentration gradient with sodium

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20
Q

What transporter allows glucose and galactose be reabsorbed?

A

GLUT2

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21
Q

Fructose transport (apical and basolateral)

A
  • GLUT5 (apical)

- GLUT2 special (basolateral)

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22
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A
  • Lack of lactase in the brush border

- lactose in lumen retains water and causes osmotic diarrhea

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23
Q

Congenital lactose intolerance

A
  • lack of jejunal lactase

- replace lactose with sucrose or fructose diet

24
Q

Glucose-galactose mal-absorption

A
  • mutation of SGLT 1
  • severe diarrhea
  • fructose diet
25
Where and how is protein digestion started?
in the stomach with pepsin
26
Two class of proteases for protein digestion
- endopeptidases | - exopeptidases
27
Five major pancreatic proteases secreted as inactive proteases
- trypsinogen - chymotrypsinogen - proelastase - procarboxypeptidase A - procarboxypeptidase B
28
What activates trypsin?
enterokinase (brush border enzyme)
29
Into what must proteins be broken down into to be absorbed?
- amino acids - dipeptides - tripeptides
30
Explain absorption process of peptides and amino acids.
- transport with Na+ and H+ symporter - dipeptides and tripeptides hydrolyzed into amino acids in epithelial cytosol - amino acids exit cell through facilitated diffusion
31
Deficiency in single AA absorption
-compensated by absorption of di- and tri- peptides that are hydrolyzed in cells
32
Trypsinogen deficiency
- Diet of partially hydrolyzed proteins | - rare and serious
33
Cystinuria
- transporter for dibasic amino acids is absent in small intestine and kidney - result of intestinal defect is feces excretion, renal defect is urine excretion
34
Major categories of lipid in the diet
- Triglycerides - Phospholipids - Cholesterol - Vitamin A, D, E, K
35
Emulsification
- mixing of stomach churns dietary lipids into suspension of fine droplets - stomach emulsification by dietary proteins - small intestine emulsification by bile acids
36
Lipolytic enzymes in pancreatic juice
- Pancreatic lipase - Phospholipase A2 - Cholesterol ester hydrolase
37
Pancreatic lipase
- hydrolyzes triglycerides to monoglycerides and fatty acids | - Bile acids inactivate pancreatic lipase, but collapse overrides this inactivation
38
Phsopholipase A2
- hydrolyzes phospholipids to lysolecithin and fatty acids | - secreted as proenzyme
39
Cholesterol ester hydrolase
- hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to free cholesterol and fatty acids - and ester linkages of triglycerides
40
Composition of micelles
- interior = lipid digestion products | - exterior = bile salts
41
Lipid absorption inside cell
- lipid digestion products are re-estrified - re-packaged with apoproteins into chylomicrons - exocytosed and enter lymphatic capillaries - empty into the thoracic duct an into bloodstream
42
Pancreatic Insufficiency
- results in defects of pancreatic enzyme secretion | - Abnormality of lipid digestion/absorption - results in steatorrhea
43
Acidity of duodenal contents
-pancreatic enzymes cannot function optimally at acidic pH
44
Deficiency of Bile salts
- No micelle formation/interferes with lipid digestion/absorption - In ileal resection, bile lost in feces
45
Abetalipoproteinemia
- Failture to synthesize Apo B | - Chylomicrons are either not formed or unable to be transported into lymph
46
How many liters of fluid absorbed in small intestine?
7 Liters
47
How many liters of fluid absorbed in colon?
2 Liters
48
How many liters of fluid excreted in feces?
100 - 200 mL
49
There is a net absorption of ___ in ileum.
NaCl
50
There is a net absorption of ___ in jejunum.
NaHCO3-
51
Cholera
- makes the adenylyl cyclase constitutively active and produces cAMP and keeps Chloride channel open - water follows and causes life-threatening diarrhea
52
Calcium Absorption
- Ca++ diffuses into cell from lumens side - Parathyroid hormone needs to convert dietary vitamin D into 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol - induces vitamin D- dependent Ca++ (calbindin D-28K) - pumped into blood by Ca++ ATPase
53
Inadequate Ca++ absorption causes
- rickets in children | - osteomalacia in adults
54
Vitamin B12 Absoprtion
- binds to R protein - pancreatic proteases degrade R proteins and B12 is transferred to Intrinsic Factor (IF) - Vitamin B12-IF complex absorbed in ileum
55
Gastrectomy
- parietal cells are lost - no B12 absorption - pernicious anemia (problem with RBC count)

Physiology section 3 (18 decks)

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