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Anatomy > GI- liver and pancrease > Flashcards

GI- liver and pancrease Flashcards

1
Q

lobes of the liver

A

right, left, caudate, quadrate

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2
Q

ligamentum teres

A

remnant of umbilical vein nestled within the falciform ligament

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3
Q

what is the function of hepatic ducts?

A

to bring bile and bile salts from the diff. parts of the liver

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4
Q

where do bile/bile salts go in-between meals?

A

they go up through the cystic duct to be stored in the gallbladder

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5
Q

gallstones

A

aggregations of cholesterol salts that can block the cystic duct opening and create pressure within the gallbladder (may req. surgical removal)

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6
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

it is nestled within the curvature of the duodenum

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7
Q

pancreatic duct

A

conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine; another duct combines w/ common bile duct to receive secretions from pancreas + liver and gallbladder

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8
Q

porta hepatis

A

central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct, and hepatic artery enter

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9
Q

common hepatic duct

A

large bile duct leading from liver; brings bile salt being secreted by the liver out

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10
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

the valve controlling release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine; it is closed in-between meals

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11
Q

dual blood supply of liver

A
  1. liver receives oxygen-rich blood from the abdominal aorta via the celiac trunk
  2. mixes w/ deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from GI via hepatic portal vein
  3. blood is then drained by the haptic vein to travel to the IVC
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12
Q

hepatocytes

A

most predominant cell type in liver

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13
Q

Kupffer cells Responsibility

A
  • phagocytosis of microbes
  • cytokine production
  • recycle heme
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14
Q

liver lobule

A

basic functional unit of the liver

- six-sided structure

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15
Q

portal triad of liver

A
  • bile duct receiving bile from canaliculi
  • portal venule from hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic/portal arteriole
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16
Q

central vein

A

drains blood from sinusoids and out of liver (becomes hepatic vein)

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17
Q

what are the roles of the liver?

A
  • process and/or store intestinal nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids & vitamins)
  • synthesis of serum proteins
  • process drugs and hormones
  • storage of iron & excretion of bilirubin
  • deals with microbes (Kupffer cells)
  • aids in digestion (bile)
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18
Q

processing of carbohydrates

A
  • the liver stores glucose as glycogen to provide 1-2 days/ supply of gluco
  • glucose can be converted into FAs or triglycerides,
  • galactose and fructose can be converted to glucose, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
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19
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources e.g. lactic acid, pyruvate, amino acids, glycerol

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20
Q

processing of amino acids

A

essential a.a.’s are used for protein synthesis (serum proteins)

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21
Q

processing of lipids

A

the liver packages fats into forms that can be transported to/from tissues

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22
Q

VLDL

A

transports fats made by hepatocytes to adipocytes

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23
Q

LDL

A

transports dietary/synthesized cholesterol to tissues

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24
Q

HDL

A

returns excess cholesterol from tissues to liver (catabolized & secreted in bile salts)

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25
Q

synthesis of serum proteins

A

the liver synthesizes most plasma proteins such as albumin (60%), coagulation factors, complement proteins, and alpha and beta globulins (angiotensinogen and transferrin)

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26
Q

albumin

A
  • protein in blood
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27
Q

process drugs and hormones

A
  • most drugs pass through the liver
  • excreted in bile, inactivated or converted into a form the kidneys can also excrete
  • can also alter/excrete thyroid & steroid hormones
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28
Q

ferritin

A
  • iron storage protein

- storing 10% of iron in the liver

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29
Q

transferrin

A

iron transport protein

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30
Q

what happens to heme from damaged RBCs?

A

it is returned to the liver where iron is scavenged and the heme is discarded as bilirubin

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31
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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32
Q

jaundice

A

accumulation of bilirubin in tissues

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33
Q

how does the liver aid in digestion of fats?

A

by producing bile

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34
Q

what is bile essential for?

A
  • lipid digestion + absorption
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • excretion of lipid-soluble drugs
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35
Q

what is bile composed of?

A

bile acids (salts) - emulsification, cholesterol, bilirubin and electrolytes

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36
Q

gallbladder

A

thin green sack w/ muscular wall that concentrates and stores bile until needed

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37
Q

in which way is gallbladder function controlled?

A

neurally and hormonally

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38
Q

PNS control of gallbladder

A

weak contractions

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39
Q

CCK control of gallbladder

A

intense contractions (release of stored bile)

40
Q

secretin control of gallbladder

A

increased prod. of bicarbonate-rich bile by liver hepatocytes

41
Q

pancreas composition

A

primary exocrine gland but has clusters of endocrine cells

42
Q

exocrine products of pancreas

A

pancreatic enzymes that enter the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla (90%)

43
Q

endocrine products of pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon which enter the bloodstream

44
Q

how is exocrine function of the pancreas regulated?

A

neural and hormonal:

  1. vagal nerve stim. causes release of pancreatic juice during cephalic + gastric phase
  2. chyme entering duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release secretin & CCK which enters bloodstream
  3. upon reaching the pancreas CCK induces enzyme secretion, secretin induces secretion of bicarb-rich juice
45
Q

pancreatic endocrine function

A

blood glucose homeostasis

46
Q

how does the pancreas fix high blood sugar?

A

promotes insulin release therefore stimulating formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver to lower blood sugar

47
Q

how does the pancreas fix low blood sugar?

A

promotes glucagon release therefore stimulating glycogen breakdown to glucose in the liver to raise blood sugar

48
Q

Caudate Lobe

A

towards the tail

49
Q

Quadrate lobe

A

square shaped

50
Q

How are the exposed lobes of the liver separated

A

falciform ligament

51
Q

What structure is inferior to the liver

A

gallbladder

52
Q

function of gallbladder

A

tiny muscular sac that stores bile

53
Q

What structure makes bile

A

liver hepatocytes make bile to emulsify fats; stored in gallbladder until needed

54
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

tucked into the curvature of the duodenum

55
Q

Pancreas responsibility

A

secreting pancreatic enzymes and bicarb rich mucous to neutralize acid chyme from stomach

56
Q

Where do the products from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas end up?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

57
Q

Porta Hepatis

A

door to the liver

58
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

delivering nutrient rich but oxygen poor blood to liver

59
Q

Hepatic artery

A

delivering oxygen rich blood to liver

60
Q

Is there mixed blood in the liver and why?

A

Yes; hepatic portal vein and artery

61
Q

What occurs during meal time?

A

sphincter opens up to the duodenum and bile flows from the liver and gallbladder

62
Q

Primary blood supply coming into the liver is from?

A

hepatic portal vein; can be oxygen poor because intestines have taken some already

63
Q

Where does the mix with arterial blood come from?

A

celiac trunk

64
Q

Hepatocytes responsibility

A

responsible for synthesis, storage, detoxification and metabolism

65
Q

How are endocrine hormones cleared out of circulation?

A

by the liver

66
Q

Kupffer cells

A

aid in inflammation and help break down red blood cells to recycle

67
Q

Sinusoidal Endothelial cells

A
  • have huge gaps between them
  • formed by sinusoidal capillaries
  • albumin and all the clotting factors and compliment proteins made by liver need to go into circulation by sinusoids
68
Q

At each of the 6 corners there is duct work that contains

A

artery, vein and bile duct

69
Q

Where do portal vein blood and hepatic arterial blood come into the liver from…

A

liver lobule from periphery and drain into the centre

70
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

pull up digested nutrients

71
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

look for pathogens

72
Q

Bile Canalicular

A

exists between hepatocytes of the liver creating the bile and sending it to the edges of the lobules collected by the bile ducts

73
Q

Glucose can be converted to

A
  • into FAs or triglycerides,
74
Q

What can be converted into glucose?

A

galactose and fructose can be converted to glucose, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

75
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breaks up glyocogen (1-2 days worth) into glucose

76
Q

How does skeletal muscle store glucose?

A

for itself; phosphorylated and cannot pass plasma membrane to share

77
Q

How is ammonia produced?

A

during the breakdown of amino acids in the liver for energy purposes

78
Q

Ammonia is converted to

A

The liver can convert ammonia to urea

79
Q

Is urea water soluble?

A

yes so the kidneys can get it out

80
Q

Cholesterol generation

A

mostly from liver itself and some from dietary

81
Q

Fibre is needed to

A

trap cholesterol

82
Q

Vitamin A (fat soluble vitamins)

A

A - converted to retinyl esters for vision (rods

83
Q

Vitamin D (fat soluble vitamins)

A

D - utilized in bone metabolism (calcium absorption)

84
Q

Vitamin E (fat soluble vitamins)

A

E - antioxidant (free radical scavenger)

85
Q

Vitamin K (fat soluble vitamins)

A

K - utilized by hepatocytes to form coag. factors)

86
Q

albumin functions

A
  • maintains the proper amount of water in the blood via colloid osmotic pressure
  • binds hormones, cations, bilirubin, drugs, etc.
  • any lipid soluble hormone will use albumin to transport
87
Q

Does albumin ever cross the capillary bed?

A

No it will draw it back with oncotic pressure

88
Q

Coagulation factors

A
  • made in the liver

- every singe component of coagulation cascade comes from hepatocytes

89
Q

Compliment proteins

A

involved in the inflammatory response

- come from hepatocytes

90
Q

Globulins

A
  • come from hepatocytes
  • alpha globulins (antitrypsin)
  • beta globulins (angiotensinogen and thyroxine binding globulin)
91
Q

Where is most of the bodies iron located?

A

on hemoglobin in RBC

92
Q

Jaundice occurs

A

hepatocytes are scarred or damaged (hepatisis or drugs)

93
Q

Where do most macrophages reside

A

in the liver

94
Q

Natrual killer cells

A

innate immune cells responsible for killing virus infected host cells

95
Q

Why is bile released?

A

in response to parasympathetic stimulation and CCK

96
Q

how do exocrine products pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the duodenum through?

A

the hepatopancreatic ampulla

97
Q

Exocrine function

A

make digestive enzymes

Anatomy (14 decks)

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