Intersex

Question 1

genetic sex

Answer 1

sex as indicated by the presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes

Question 2

phenotypic sex

Answer 2

the internal and external morphology of each sex, and results from differences in gene expression

Question 3

gonadal sex

Answer 3

sex as indicated by the presence of ovaries (female) or testes (male)

Question 4

behavioural/psychological sex

Answer 4

how the person self identifies i.e. gender identity

Question 5

indifferent stage

Answer 5

• first few weeks of development where male and female structures are the same

Question 6

mesonephric kidney

Answer 6

primordial kidney that degenerates until metanephric kidney is formed, and is a precursor for some of the male structures; it is drained by the mesonephric duct

Question 7

mesonephric duct

Answer 7

Wolffian duct; can develop male tubework

Question 8

mullerian duct

Answer 8

develops into the female reproductive tract

Question 9

indifferent gonads

Answer 9

the undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes (center) or ovaries (cortex)

Question 10

urogenital sinus

Answer 10

point where the urogenitary systems coalesce

• sinus forms lumen of penile urethra
• when urogenital folds develop over top of sinus, will develop into tube-like structure that leads out and opens at genital tubercle
• in females, this persists as an open sinus which will develop into the vestibule

Question 11

cloaca

Answer 11

common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts; front portion becomes bladder and rear portion becomes part of rectum

Question 12

XY phenotype

Answer 12

presence of Y chromosome and SRY gene has testes determining factor

• stimulates Leydig and Sertoli cells in gonad
• Leydig: testosterone to infl. Wolffian duct development into male structures
• Sertoli: AMH and regression of Mullerian ducts

Question 13

embryology of the XY phenotype

Answer 13

• paramesonephric ducts inhibited by AMH
• stroma of indifferent gonad becomes testes under influence of TDF
• mesonephric duct develops under influence of testosterone from Leydig cells
• testes + vas deferens begin descent toward scrotum
• mesonepthric kidney degerates

Question 14

gonadal + kidney development of XX genotype

Answer 14

cortex of indifferent gonad becomes ovary

• paramesonephric duct persists + develops into oviduct & uterus, mesonephric duct degenerates
• mesonepthric kidney degenerates
• bud from mesonepthric duct becomes ureter and metanephros (kidney)
• kidney + ureter ascend while gonads descend

Question 15

gonadal + kidney development of XY genotype

Answer 15

• stroma of indifferent gonad becomes testes
• mesonephric ducts stimulated to develop and paramesonephric ducts are actively inhibited
• mesonepthric kidney degerates
• bud from mesonephric duct becomes ureter and kidney
• kidney + ureter ascend while gonads descend

Question 16

persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

Answer 16

condition in which testicles can be held up in abdomen or pelvis, since paramesonephric ducts do not generate, usually b/c of shortage of AMH/MIS

Question 17

inguinal descent of the testes

Answer 17

descent of testes through scrotum occurs through inguinal canal, which has a deep ring (opening to abdomen) and superficial ring (opening to scrotum); testes moves downward with gubernaculum

Question 18

gubernaculum

Answer 18

aids the descent of testes through inguinal canal

Question 19

genital tubercle

Answer 19

small projection on external surface; gives rise to external genitalia (glans clitoris or penis)

Question 20

labioscrotal swelling

Answer 20

swelling can develop into labia in females or scrotum in males

Question 21

transversalis fascia

Answer 21

abdominal layer continuous with internal spermatic fascia; pulled w/ testes during descent

Question 22

hydrocoele

Answer 22

collection of serous fluid in the scrotal sac around the testis

Question 23

orchidopexy

Answer 23

surgical fixation of an undescended testicle

Question 24

cryptochidism

Answer 24

undescended testes

Question 25

why is the descent of the testes required?

Answer 25

the sperm cannot survive the body's high core temp, and there would be an increased risk of developing testicular cancer

Question 26

why do male gonads end up outside the body?

Answer 26

sperm need to maintain temperature 2-3º below body temp. in order to develop, in doing so the testes will move up and down using the cremaster and dartos muscles

Question 27

cremaster muscle

Answer 27

skeletal muscle that arises from the internal obliques; elevates testes

Question 28

dartos muscle

Answer 28

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to body

Question 29

pampiniform plexus

Answer 29

a network of testicular veins that drain the testes and absorb body heat from the testes and scrotum

Question 30

inguinal hernia

Answer 30

a hernia in which part of the intestine protrudes into the inguinal canal through weak fascia

Question 31

urogenital folds

Answer 31

develop into penile urethra in males or labia minora in females

Question 32

female vestibule

Answer 32

area b/w labia minora which contains the opening to the urethra and the vaginal opening

Question 33

urethral folds (males)

Answer 33

at 10 weeks under the influence of androgens will begin to meet and seal up

Question 34

midline raphe

Answer 34

joins centrally to form the line down the center of scrotum

Question 35

intersex

Answer 35

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

Question 36

XX intersex

Answer 36

chromosomally female w/ external genitalia that appear male; typically resulting b/c of virilization of female fetus by male hormones

Question 37

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAD)

Answer 37

disease of the adrenal in which the male hormones arise due to overactive adrenal glands in fetal development

Question 38

XY intersex

Answer 38

chromosomally male w/ external genitalia appearing to be female or incompletely formed; generally result of inadequate supply or insensitivity to male hormones

Question 39

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Answer 39

condition in which receptors for androgens are not working causing XY intersex (can also be due to shortage of androgens)

Question 40

AMH stands for and does what

Answer 40

anti mullerian hormone | - is a transforming growth factor important for development of male phenotype

Question 41

TDF

Answer 41

essential for determining and generating XY phenotype

Question 42

The y chromosome contains what that gives testis determining factor

Answer 42

SRY

Question 43

What does TDF stimulate?

Answer 43

sertoli cells in gonad which make anti-mullerian hormone

Question 44

Mullerian ducts in females?

Answer 44

progress

Question 45

Mullerian ducts in males?

Answer 45

regress and need AMH

Question 46

Leydig cells in gonad make

Answer 46

test

Question 47

Mullerian duct will give rise to

Answer 47

fallopian tube and uterus

Question 48

The cortex of the indifferent gonads in females becomes

Answer 48

ovary

Question 49

The bud off of mesonephric duct initiates

Answer 49

development of metanephros which develop into true kidneys

Question 50

in both males and females what does the mesonephric duct become

Answer 50

ureter

Question 51

XY: The stroma of the indifferent gonads becomes

Answer 51

testes

Question 52

Between the mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct which are activated and which are inhibited

Answer 52

- mesonephric duct is stimulated to develop | - paramesonephric are inhibited

Question 53

inferior part of mesonephric duct becomes

Answer 53

vas deferens