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Reproductive Physiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the sperm penetrate?

A

corona radiata

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2
Q

How many sperms contact the plasma membrane of the oocyte?

A

one

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3
Q

How many sperms contact the glycoprotein of the ZP and the acrosome reaction occurs which causes the ZP to be digested?

A

many

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4
Q

Fast block to polyspermy

A

one sperm touches the outside of the secondary oocyte causing it to depolarize

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5
Q

Slow block to polyspermy

A

first sperm will have head pulled in and the zona pellucida will harden

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6
Q

The male pronucleus and female pronucleus form to make?

A

zygote (fertilized egg)

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7
Q

Where does the blastocyte hatch out of?

A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

Why does the blastocyte expand?

A

due to fluid inside

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9
Q

The inner cell mass of blastocyte gives us what?

A

baby

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10
Q

The outer trophobic gives us?

A

fetal contribution to the placenta

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11
Q

Once the egg has become a zygote what happens?

A

divisions will occur in the uterine tube and 2 cells with become 4 because each time it divides it gets smaller because its stuck in the zona pellucida

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12
Q

Where does the fertilized egg enter and in what phase?

A

endometrium in the secretory phase

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13
Q

where does the egg attach to?

A

part of the uterus with lots of blood vessels

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14
Q

trophoblast eat what and invade what?

A

invades the endometrium and eat maternal cells for nutrition as it moves inward to build a pathway for maternal blood

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15
Q

Where are the first signs of development found?

A

inner cells

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16
Q

When does the amniotic sac begin development?

A

2 days after implementation

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17
Q

When does the blastocytes convert itself to the placenta?

A

14 days after ovulation

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18
Q

When does the yolk sac begin to develop and the mesoderm gets pushed out of the embryo?

A

after 16 days

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19
Q

What does the mesoderm give us?

A

muscles and bones

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20
Q

Embyronic mesoderm

A
  • vast majority of the placenta
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21
Q

T/F: the thick side that is closer to the wall of the uterus becomes placenta?

A

true

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22
Q

16 day embryo: the connecting stalk becomes what?

A

umbilical cord

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23
Q

16 day embryo: What does the ectoderm make?

A

amniotic sac and folds over the brain and spinal cord

- makes neural tube

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24
Q

16 day embryo: Endoderm closes over to make what?

A

the gut

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25
16 day embryo
amniotic cavity begins to develop and young sac develops where the gut will be
26
28 day embryo
amniotic cavity begins to completely surround the baby growing out and around the fetus
27
28 day embryo: What does the front of neural tube and back of neural tube become?
front- head, back- spinal cord
28
28 day embryo: The foregut is supplied by and is the mechanism of what?
celiac artery and endoderm closing up
29
28 day embryo: Hindgut is supplied by
inferior mesenteric artery
30
28 day embryo: midgut is supplied by
superior mesenteric artery
31
When does the hear begin to form?
28 day embryo
32
8 Weeks since fertilization: age
8 weeks- conceptual | 10 weeks- biological
33
What are the three main phases of development
- the pre embryonic phase - embryological phase - fetal phase
34
the pre embryonic phase
- less than 14 days after fertilization - tiny trophoblast - zona pellucida is still present and the embryo is isolated from the maternal environment
35
Embryological phase
- 2-8 weeks after fertilization - all major organs are assembled in this time - not completed organs but basic parts - kidneys form, heart is 4 chambers and neural tube is folded - placenta is way larger than embryo at this point - complete access to materials in maternal circulation
36
Fetal phase
- 8 weeks to term | - organs are growing during this period and become fully developed
37
Histogenesis phase
organs are growing | - fetal phase
38
Period of organogensis
organs are beginning to grow
39
Thalidomide
causes limb shortening in the embryological phase the limbs are made
40
Spina bifida
neural tube does not close in the embryological phase | - nerves wont develop normally to the pelvis and the legs
41
Valproic acid
convulsant drug associated with spina bifida
42
Microtia
tiny ears | - can be surgically reconstructed b/c its not a problem with organ development
43
What happens if microtia occurs in embryonic development?
no ears
44
Cataracts
caused by rubella which is an infectious disease - clouding of the eye - can be cured
45
What happens if cataracts occur in embryonic development?
may not have eyes
46
What makes up the placenta?
decidua and chorion
47
What is decidua?
what the mom puts into the placenta which comes from functional layer
48
The amniotic sac is?
surrounds the fetus
49
Chorion
fetal contribution to the placenta which includes the fetal mesoderm and trophoblast and amnion
50
Amnon
bag of fluid that formed in the embryo
51
Chorionic villi
- gills for the fetus | - they stick out into maternal blood to give mom waste and takes oxygen from her
52
The entire blood supply to fetus has to circulate through
chorionic villi
53
Syncytiotrophoblast
outside of trophoblast invading into the blood vessels
54
Cytotrophoblast
inside of trophoblast
55
What makes up the core of the placenta?
extraembryonic mesoderm; gives us muscle and blood vessels
56
Intervillous space is
where maternal blood is being flushed in and out (bring O2 and leave CO2)
57
Where does blood come in and what does it do?
comes in through the maternal artery and sprials in through the functionalis layer of endometrium - then it is delivered to intervillous space - goes in under pressure and goes back out from the endometrial venules and goes back into maternal veins and blood supply
58
Why does the exchange occur?
because fetal vessels are right below blood supply and fetal villi will extract oxygen out of the maternal blood
59
Fetal vein
picks up oxygen
60
Blood will
spiral down, fill up the intervilllous space, lose oxygen, gain waste products and goes out under pressure into maternal venules
61
Does the baby holds in breath during contractions?
yes; dont want long contractions
62
When does pumping of blood occur?
everytime moms heart pumps
63
The umbilical cord consists of
two arteries and a vein
64
What surrounds the umbilical cord and why?
surrounded by whartons jelly to prevent it from kinking and keep it working
65
Where does jelly come from?
extraembryonic mesoderm
66
where are the blood derivied stem cells from?
core blood
67
Lumen of umbilical artery
- deoxygenated blood comes in | - oxygenated blood comes out
68
What should happen by 3rd trimester?
extravillous trophoblast should extend deep into myometrium
69
Incomplete invasion is associated with and happens in what percent of pregnancies?
hypertension and 5-10%
70
How many maternal deaths are due to hypertension?
16%
71
Blood vessels have what to allow what?
smooth muscle to allow for constriction and dilation
72
Why do blood vessels have endothelial cells?
allows for cytotrophoblast to grow into maternal spiral artery
73
When does cellular immunity decrease?
maternal adaptation to pregnancy
74
Immunity pregnancy
- fetus is allograft | - mom has to remain tolerant to paternal antigens and maintain normal immune competence for defence
75
What happens if you dont inhibit maternal immune system?
immune system will wipe it out
76
Placenta blood requirement
- blood volume increases 30-50%
77
cardiac output increases
20-30%
78
Tidal volume increases
30-40% for mom to get rid of CO2 that the baby has
79
Airway resistance
decreases to increase co2 loss
80
What do low CO2 levels create?
stronger concentration gradient between mom and fetus
81
Myometrial mass increases
60-80% to accomodate the fetus | - returns after pregnancy
82
Progesterone is used for
- limiting contractions during pregnancy
83
When does estrogen increase?
end of pregnancy for contractions
84
Who is incharge of labour?
- fetus appears to be - fetus will begin to make hormones (estrogen) - stretch of uterus - fetal pituitary secrets OT - fetal part of placenta begins to make more progesterone prostaglandins
85
Ectoderm Contains
nervous system and skin
86
mesoderm contains
heart, blood vessels, bones, Msk ETC
87
Endoderm contains
Gi, Respiratory, and Urinary tracts

Anatomy (14 decks)

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