GI Part 1 Flashcards by AE G

palatoschisis or cleft palate sequela

starvation
aspiration pneumonia

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common cause of cyclopia and cleft palate

toxic plants - veratrum californicum (day 14) and lupine (day 40-50)

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brachygnathia inferior

shortened mandible

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prognathism

mandible protrusion

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agnathia

loss of mandible

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causes of vesicular stomatitis and affected species

foot & mouth disease - cloven hoofed species (swine, cow , sheep) not horses
vesicular stomatitis virus - horses
vesicular exanthema - swine

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bacterial causes of stomatitis

actinomyces bovis “lumpy jaw”
actinobacillus lingnieresii “wooden tongue”
Necrobacillosis (F. necrophorum) “calf diphtheria”
infectious stomatitis “mouth rot in reptile”

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Actinomyces bovis pathogenesis

“lumpy jaw”
normal oral bacteria
invades via penetrating wound
destroy bone
pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis

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Actinobacillus lingnieresii pathogenesis

“wooden tongue”
yellow granules exude from ulcerated tongue surface, sulfur granules

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Fusobacterium necrophorum pathogenesis

necrobacillosis “calf diphtheria”
trauma to oral cavity, infection, then coagulative necrosis

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infectious stomatitis “mouth rot” in reptiles pathogenesis

stress, immunocompromised, normal bacterial overgrowth

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what disease in cats causes severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammation on the premolar/molars or caudal oral mucosa lateral to the palatoglossal folds and is often treated by teeth extraction

feline lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis

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what disease causes oral granulomas “rodent ulcers” on the lips or anywhere in the mouth

eosinophilic stomatitis

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what is the most common canine oral neoplasia

melanoma

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what is the most common feline oral neoplasia

squamous cell carcinoma

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causes of oral trauma

physical
chemical
traumatic

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causes of teeth dysplasia

agenesis/anodontia (primary)
oligodontia (primary)
polyodonatia (primary)

enamel hypoplasia (secondary)

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causes of enamel hypoplasia

canine distemper virus
BVDV intrauterine infection
malnutrition
vitamin ACD, Ca, P deficiency

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important sequela of abnormal teeth wear in large animals

wave mouth
infection
loss
damage
dental fractures
surrounding soft tissue damage

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causes of teeth discoloration
yellow?
orange/red?
brown?

tetracyclines = yellow
porphyrins = orange/red
fluorosis = brown

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sequela of peridontal disease

Tooth loss due to destruction of periodontal ligament
Pulpitis
Tooth root abscess
Bacteremia → heart disease (endocarditis)

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how can you tell the difference between a salivary gland and lymph node grossly?

salivary gland - pale, lobules, firm
LN - homogenous, cortex/medulla, diff colors

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common diseases of the salivary gland

salivary cyst
ranula (sublingual, submaxillary gland)
mucocele (pseudocyst)
sialadenitis (infectious or foreign body)
infarction
Sialolithiasis
neoplasia

what is the difference in pathogenesis of ulcerative glossitis between carnivores and herbivores

carnivores - high BUN causes vasculitis > thrombosis > infarction + caustic effect from ammonia due to urease producing bacteria

herbivores - high blood & salivary urea > GI bacteria split urea > ammonia local caustic effect

congenital causes of megaesophagus

persistent right 4th aortic arach (vascular ring) idiopathic denervation

acquired causes of megaesophagus

NM (myasthenia gravis, polymyositis) Chaga's disease hypothyroidism lead poisoning

what are the 4 common sites of choke

over the larynx thoracic inlet base of heart diaphragmatic hiatus

sequela of choke

perforation that will lead to... pneumonia, pleuritis cellulitis stenosis periesophageal adhesions

sequela of Spirocerca lupi infection

nodules in distal esophagus rupture aorta granulomatous inflam, fibrosis fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

common esophageal neoplasia

sarcoma lymphoma papilloma squamous cell carcinoma

types of bloat in ruminants

primary - frothy bloat (diet) secondary - gaseous bloat (obstruction, stenosis)

pathogenesis of frothy bloat

change in diet to legumes (alfalfa, grains) that lower rumen pH, stabilize foam, and then foam mixes with rumen contents and blocks cardia preventing eructation and resulting in bloat

pathogenesis of grain overload

sudden feed change

sequelae of grain overload

bacterial ruminitis mycotic ruminitis

pathogenesis of rumenitis-liver abscess complex

rapidly fermentable grain causes acidosis and damage to mucosa with Fusobacterium necrophorum resulting in abscesses and inflam

sequela of rumenitis-liver abscess complex

multifocal hepatic abscesses caudal vena cava pyemia pulmonary embolic pneumonia & hemorrhage sudden death

pulmonary emboli from ruminitis-liver abscess complex is due to what three things

1. rupture of hepatic abscess into caudal vena cava 2. vegetative valvular endocarditis (tricuspid valve) 3. jugular thrombosis

what is caused by lactic acidosis, mechanical injury and antibiotics and grossly look circular with well delineated lesions fungi can be angioinvasive and infarct vessels

mycotic ruminitis

common dog breeds associated with GDV

large barrel chested dogs - german shepherds, bulldogs, great danes

pathogenesis of GDV

dilated stomach and displacement compress the diaphragm, vena cava, and portal v resulting in decreased venous return, decreased CO and shock

How do you distinguish antemortem from postmortem gastric rupture?

antemortem - edges have inflam, rougher, hemorrhage, fibrin postmortem - no edge change, thin

causes of displaced abomasum

high grain diet hypocalcemia

pathogenesis of displaced abomasum

fermentation of high grain diet and hypocalcemia cause production of gas recently after parturition and displaces abomasum to cranial left abdomen resulting in obstruction, HCL secretion, hypocholeremia and metabolic alkalosis

How is left and right displaced abomasum different?

left - seldom fatal, requires surgery, dairy cows, older/high producers, post-calving, results in abomasal ulcers and fibrous adhesions right - can be fatal, causes vagus n trauma

Causes and clinical signs of gastric ulcers

bleeding out in abdominal cavity pale color melena

Cause of braxy in ruminants (usually lambs/sheep)

Clostridium septicum

what parasite results in blood loss, anemia & “bottle jaw” due to protein losing gastropathy

haemonchus contortus (sheep/goat) haemonchus placei (cattle)

what parasite causes mucosal metaplasia/hyerplasia and has a type I & II

teladorsagia circumcinctan (sheep/goats) Ostertagia ostertagi (cattle)

equine gastric parasites

Gasterophilus intestinalis Gasterophilus nasalis Draschia megastoma Trichostrongylus axei

common malignant gastric neoplasia in horses

squamous cell carcinomas

common malignant gastric neoplasias

SCC adenocarcinoma lymphoma leiomyosarcoma

common malignant gastric neoplasia in canines

adenocarcinoma

common malignant gastric neoplasia in abomasum

lymphoma

what malignant gastric neoplasia is characterized by a smooth surface and on the cut surface is white, bulges, soft

lymphoma

what gastric neoplasia is firm but does NOT buldge

leiomyosarcoma