Reproductive

Question 1

components of the indifferent stage

Answer 1

gonad
mesonephros
mullerian duct
wolffian duct

Question 2

without proper stimulation, the repro tract naturally differentiates into what gonadal and external phenotype?

Answer 2

female

Question 3

mullerian duct gives rise to what structures

Answer 3

fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix

Question 4

what causes masculinization

Answer 4

XY chromosome
SRY gene
TDF (testis determining factor)

Question 5

sertoli cells produce what hormone? function?

Answer 5

anti-mullerian hormones (AMH)
prevents feminization

Question 6

leydig cells produce what hormone? function?

Answer 6

testosterone
development of male tubular and external genitalia

Question 7

XXY/XXX
disorder?
example?

Answer 7

aneuploidy - Kleinefelter-like syndrome
tortoiseshell or calico male cats

Question 8

X_
disorder?

Answer 8

aneuploidy - turner-like syndrome

Question 9

describe freemartinism in cattle…
disorder?
pathogenesis?
what hormones are involved and what do they do?
result?

Answer 9

chimera (both XX & XY)
male/female twins with anastomosis of blood supple REQUIRED
AMH & testosterone from TDF suppress feminization
masculinized, 92% sterile female while male is unaffected

Question 10

gross lesions of freemartinism

Answer 10

remnant seminal vesicle
blind-ended vagina (normal 13-15 cm)
lack cervix
some degree of ovotestes

Question 11

what are XX genotype disorders? examples?

Answer 11

XX female genotype with ambiguous phenotype
- ovarian cysts
- ovotestes
- complete sex reversal (male phenotype due to SRY-like gene on X chromosome)

Question 12

what are the 3 causes of XX genotype disorder?

Answer 12

1. gene expression abnormalities
2. excess endo/exo steroids
3. idiopathic

Question 13

what are XY genotype disorders? what are the two examples?

Answer 13

XY male genotype with female phenotype
1. SRY +
2. SRY -

Question 14

cause of XY disorders SRY +
example:

Answer 14

androgen insensitivity due to loss of receptors = external genitalia develop with female differentiation, tubular can be male
ovotestes
cryptorchidism

Question 15

cause of XY SRY - disorders

Answer 15

no SRY gene = complete female phenotype
can range from poorly formed testicle to full ovary or full sex reversal

Question 16

how do you name a hermaphrodite?

Answer 16

primarily based on gonads

Question 17

name the pseudohermaphrodite:
testicle + female phenotype

Answer 17

male pseudohermaphrodite

Question 18

name the pseudohermaphrodite:
ovary + male phenotype

Answer 18

female pseudohermaphrodite

Question 19

name the hermaphrodite: both gonads present (ovotestis)

Answer 19

true hermaphrodite

Question 20

sex chromosome disorders examples

Answer 20

aneuploidy & chimera

Question 21

follicular cysts
mechanism?
species?
based on ___?

Answer 21

ovulation fails to occur due to no LH surge so follicle continues to grow
dairy cattle
size (cow > 2.5cm)

Question 22

what is the key difference between luteal cysts and cystic lutea-incidental

Answer 22

lack of ovulation leads to no ovulation papilla in luteinized cyst

Question 23

luteinized cyst mechanism and has what?

Answer 23

anovulatory follicle with theca cells that undergo luteinization
thick-walled cells composed of luteal cells and fibrous capsule

Question 24

most common cysts of small animals and horses?

Answer 24

subsurface epithelial cyst
- not related to follicles
- precancerous

Question 25

most common ovarian neoplasia in dog, cow and horse?

Answer 25

granulosa-theca cell tumor horses are poster-child

Question 26

what type of tumor is unilateral with smooth surface, benign, cystic and can be large?

Answer 26

granulosa-theca cell tumor

Question 27

effects of granulosa-theca cell tumor

Answer 27

hormones secretion - testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone - behavior change (masculine) - persistent estrus/anestrus - rupture = hemoabdomen

Question 28

what diagnostic would you run to diagnose a granulosa-theca cell tumor?

Answer 28

serum anti-mullerian hormone tumor > 4 ng/ml

Question 29

layers of the uterus

Answer 29

1. endometrium (glandular) 2. myometrium (muscle) 3. perimetrium (outer lining)

Question 30

abnormalities of position or location of uterus

Answer 30

torsion prolapse rupture

Question 31

cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is often associated with what

Answer 31

pyometra

Question 32

CEH pathogenesis

Answer 32

increased endo/exo estrogen = progesterone primed epithelium = progesterone stimulation/diestrus = hyperplastic epithelium, cystic glands, pyometra

Question 33

most common bacterial isolate of pyometra/cause of metritis in all domestic species

Answer 33

E.coli

Question 34

true or false Always see CEH with pyometra, but don’t always see pyometra with CEH

Answer 34

true

Question 35

common causes of endometritis

Answer 35

taylorella equigenitalis E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella Trichomoniasis Brucellosis

Question 36

cause of uterine leiomyomas in german shepherds gene mutation what skin lesion does this cause

Answer 36

paraneoplastic syndrome of polycystic renal adenocarcinoma BHD gene nodular dermal fibrosis

Question 37

viral cause of bovine uterine lymphoma

Answer 37

bovine leukosis virus (BLV)

Question 38

infectious vulvovaginitis agents

Answer 38

EHV-3 = equine coital exanthema BHV-1 = infectious bovine pustular vulvovaginitis

Question 39

what vaginal/vulvar neoplasia has a distinct cytology of "pleomorphic round cells with punctate cytoplasmic vacuoles"

Answer 39

transmissible venereal tumor

Question 40

most common route of mastitis

Answer 40

ascending route bacterial infections

Question 41

mastitis that affects one quarter? multiple quarters?

Answer 41

E.coli - coliform mastitis Mycoplasma - M.bovis

Question 42

type of mastitis that causes... sudden agalactia intramammary & hematogenous routes rapid spread (highly contagious) lymphocytic/histiocytic interstitial mastitis with glandular hyperplasia multiple quarters

Answer 42

Mycoplasma bovis mastitis

Question 43

preferred diagnostic for M.bovis

Answer 43

PCR (no aerobic growth)

Question 44

causes of viral mastitis

Answer 44

Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia) Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Question 45

feline mammary carcinoma prognosis for > 3 cm? < 2 cm?

Answer 45

> 3 cm = 6 months < 2 cm = 3 years

Question 46

is a whole chain mastectomy or lumpectomy preferred?

Answer 46

whole chain mastectomy tend to have a longer MST

Question 47

true or false most feline mammary carcinomas are malignant/high grade & dogs benign

Answer 47

true

Question 48

samples for abortion? which is the most important?

Answer 48

placenta, fetus, maternal samples (like serum) uterine samples when placenta not available placenta most important

Question 49

incidental structures in the placenta

Answer 49

twisting amnionic plaques

Question 50

abortion in Bison placenta retained

Answer 50

Brucella

Question 51

what does chlamydia cause

Answer 51

ovine enzootic abortion

Question 52

what does listeria monocytogenes cause

Answer 52

encephalitis in adult animals

Question 53

campylobacter causes abortion at what stage of pregnancy description?

Answer 53

any stage necrotizing hepatitis "target lesions" in sheep

Question 54

viral cause of abortion in pigs

Answer 54

Porcine Repro and Resp Syndrome (PRRS) Porcine CIrcovirus-2 Porcino parvovirus

Question 55

what does porcine circovirus-2 cause besides abortion in early or mid-gestation infection

Answer 55

myocarditis and cardiomegaly

Question 56

porcine parvovirus will cause embryonic death at what time of infection

Answer 56

< 30 days

Question 57

viral causes of abortion in cattle

Answer 57

BVDV BHV-1

Question 58

BVDV will cause fetal death, abortion and mummification at what time of infection

Answer 58

50-100 days

Question 59

BVDV will cause term calf with malformations at what time of infection

Answer 59

100-150 days

Question 60

BVDV will cause a PI calf at what time of infection

Answer 60

2-4 months

Question 61

BVDV will cause a transient infection at what time of infection

Answer 61

> 4 months

Question 62

what causes viral abortion storms in NAIVE CATTLE

Answer 62

BHV-1

Question 63

viral causes of abortion in horses fetus and placenta are ____

Answer 63

EHV-1 Equine viral arteritis fresh

Question 64

viral causes of abortion in dogs what does this result in

Answer 64

CHV-1 neonatal death, turkey egg kidney

Question 65

what type of spread does mycotic (aspergillus fumigatus & zygomycetes) have in mares

Answer 65

ascending infection

Question 66

gross lesions of mycotic abortion

Answer 66

hyperkeratosis no internal lesions "cupping" of necrotizing placenta

Question 67

what parasite causes mid-term abortion

Answer 67

neospora caninum

Question 68

what parasite causes mummified/resorbed fetus during early infection & cotyledonary necrosis

Answer 68

toxoplasma gondii

Question 69

what parasite is present in fetal fluid, abortion in first half of pregnancy and causes placenta cotyledonary hemorrhages

Answer 69

tritrichomonas foetus

Question 70

what protects the testicles from immune system

Answer 70

blood-testis barrier created by sertoli cells and basement membrane

Question 71

what tumor is yellow, well demarcated, firm-semi-firm, cystic +/- hemorrhage, does not produce testosterone

Answer 71

leydig cell tumor

Question 72

what tumor is firm, fibrous, does not bulge on cut section, pale tan-white

Answer 72

sertoli cell tumor

Question 73

what tumor is soft, pale tan to pink +/- hemorrhage, bulges on cut surface

Answer 73

seminoma

Question 74

prostatic hyperplasia is from what?

Answer 74

hormonal imbalance

Question 75

prostatic neoplasia (canine prostatic carcinoma) is not ______ so _____ is not protective

Answer 75

not hormonally induced castration is not protective

Question 76

cause of posthitis

Answer 76

C. renale

Question 77

cause of balanoposthitis

Answer 77

EHV-3, BHV-1, CHV-1 C. renale

Question 78

pathogenesis of C. renale causing balanoposthitis and posthitis

Answer 78

increase protein diet increases urea causing local injury/irritation via production of ammonia

Question 79

what causes penile fibropapillomas in bulls

Answer 79

bovine papilloma virus 1

Question 80

what causes penile squamous cell carcinomas in geldings and stallions

Answer 80

equine papillomavirus 2

Question 81

what has a classic cytology of pleomorphic round cells with vacuolated cytoplasm

Answer 81

canine transmissible venereal tumor