GI Patho Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is C. diff?
A
infectious bacteria that can result in life-threatening diarrhea
2
Q
symptoms of C. diff
A
watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and belly pain and tenderness
3
Q
precautions for C. diff
A
contact (hand-washing, gown, gloves)
4
Q
Obstipation
A
intractable constipation w/ resulting fecal impaction or inability to pas gas and retention of hard, dry, stools in the rectum and colon
5
Q
Where can constipation refer pain to?
A
abdomen, anterior hip, groin or thigh
6
Q
anorexia
A
loss of appetite w/ an inability to eat
7
Q
anorexia nervosa
A
prolonged loss of appetite and inability to eat
concerns: nutritional and electrolyte imbalance causing cardiac arrhythmia and neuropathy
8
Q
dysphagia
A
difficulty in swallowing
9
Q
achalasia
A
lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax and food is trapped in the esophagus
10
Q
vomit that looks like coffee grounds
A
consistent w/ gastric ulcer, gastritis or esophageal cancer
11
Q
bright red blood in stool
A
lower colon/rectum disorders
12
Q
tarry or dark stool
A
upper digestive tract disorders
13
Q
referred pain pattern: esophagus
A
midback, midthoracic spine pain
14
Q
referred pain pattern: liver, diaphragm, pericardium
A
shoulder
15
Q
referred pain pattern: gallbladder, stomach, pancreas or small intestine
A
midback and scapula
16
Q
referred pain pattern: colon, appendix or pelvic viscera
A
pelvis, low back or sacrum
17
Q
Characteristics of hepatitis
A
inflammation of the liver
viral or bacterial infection, chemical agents, autoimmune or biliary cirrhosis and metabolic disorders
18
Q
hepatitis A transmission
A
fecal-oral route
contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact
19
Q
hepatitis B transmission
A
blood, body fluids or body tissues
20
Q
hepatitis A severity
A
acure = mild to severe
21
Q
hepatitis B severity
A
mild (acute) to severe
22
Q
hepatitis C transmission
A
same as HBV (blood, body fluids or body tissue)
23
Q
hepatitis D
A
dependent upon having hep B
24
Q
Hepatitis D prognosis
A
poot, often present w/ liver failure
25
Initial signs of Hepatitis
preicteric phase
```
low-grade fever
anorexia
nausea
vomitting
diarrhea
fatigue
malaise
headache
abdominal tenderness
myalgia and arthralgia
```
26
Jaundice phase of Hepatitis
icteric phase
```
fever
jaundice
enlarged liver w/ tenderness
abatement of earlier symptoms
amber-colored or dark urine
```
27
elevated lab values w/ Hepatitis
hepatic transaminases and bilirubin
28
Cirrhosis
irreversible chronic injury of the hepatic parenchyma as a result of chronic hepatitis
29
clinical presentation of Cirrhosis
```
jaundice
peripheral edema
Dupuytren's contracture
palmar erythmea
angiomas
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
```
30
hepatic encephalopathy
neuropsychiatric abnormalities w/ personality changes. etc
asterisks (liver flap)
Lactulose
31
cholelithiasis
(gallstones)
32
biliary colic
if gallstones block the common bile duct
pain in RUQ w/ radiation to R scapula
33
cholecystitis
partial or complete obstruction of the common bile duct resulting in inflammation of the gallbladder
34
signs and symptoms of cholecystitis
severe RUQ pain radiating to R scapular
nausea, vomiting, low grade fever possible
(+) Murphy's sign
35
Murphy's sign
palpate near R subcostal margin as pt takes deep breath
pain= (+)
36
acute pancreatitis cause
gallstones, alcoholism, substance abuse
37
characteristics of acute pancreatitis
"band-like" pain that radiates to the back and is worse in supine
hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting
38
characteristics of chronic pancreatitis
epigastric and LUQ pain
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, flatulence, weight loss and steatorrhea (greasy stools)
39
What is GERD caused by?
reflux or backward movement of gastric contents of the stomach into the esophagus, producing heartburn
40
what does GERD result from?
failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to regular flow of food from the esophagus into the stomach
increased gastric pressure
41
What contributes to anti reflux function?
lower esophagus, diaphragm and oblique muscles
42
respiratory symptoms with GERD
wheezing and chronic cough, hoarseness
43
complications from GERD
strictures (narrowing) and Barret's esophagus (a precancerous state)
44
which positions should you avoid with GERD?
full supine or exercises (jogging, jumping) that exacerbate symptoms
45
hiatal hernia
protrusion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm or displacement of both the stomach and the gaastroesophageal junction upward into the thorax
46
symptoms of hiatal hernia
heartburn from GERD
47
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach mucosa
48
What is acute gastritis caused by?
severe burns, aspirin or NSADs, corticosteroids, food allergies or viral or bacterial infections
hemorrhagic bleeding can occur
49
symptoms of gastritis
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
pain
50
When does chronic gastritis occur?
peptic ulcer, bacterial infection from H.pylori, stomach cancer, pernicious anemia ro autoimmune disease (thyroid disease, Addison's disease)
51
peptic ulcer disease
ulcerative lesions that occur in the upper GI tract in areas exposed to acid-pepsin secretions
52
what is peptic ulcer disease caused by?
bacterial infection (H.pylori), aspirin (acetylsalicylic aspirin) and NSAID, excessive secretion of gastric acids, stress and heredity
53
symptoms of peptic ulcer disease
epigastric pain described as gnawing, burning or crap-like
pain aggravated by position change and absence of food in stomach
relieved by foods and antacids
54
complications of peptic ulcer disease
hemorrhage
55
symptoms of hemorrhage
weakness, dizziness and signs of circulatory shock
56
Location of pain from peptic ulcers on post wall of stomach
radiating back pain
radiates to R shoulder
57
Malabsorption Syndrom
problems in intestinal absorption of nutrients
58
what can Malabsorption Syndrome be caused by?
gastric or small bowel resection (short-gut syndrome)
| CF, celiac, Chron's chronic pancreatitis and pernicious anemia, NSAIDs
59
symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome
```
anorexia
weight loss
abdominal bloating
pain and cramps
indigestion
steatorrhea
diarrhea
```
60
What can Malabsorption syndrome produce?
iron-deficiency anemia and easy bruising and bleeding due to lack of Vitamin K
muscle weakness and fatigue due to lack of nutrients
bone loss, pain and predisposition to develop fx
neuropathy and other neuro signs
muscle spasms
peripheral edema
61
Inflammatory bowel disease
refers ro Chron's and ulcerative colitis
62
symptoms of Inflammatory bowel disease
abdominal pain
frequency attacks of diarrhea
fecal urgency
weight loss
63
red flags w/ Inflammatory bowel disease
jt pain and skin rashes can occur- pain referred to low back
intentional obstruction and corticosteroid toxicity
intestinal absorption is dirstupted
Chronic IBD can lead to anxiety and depression
64
Chron's disease
granulomatous inflammation that occurs in GI tract
skip lesions (area of adjacent normal tissue) are present
65
Ulcerative colitis
ulcerative and exudative inflammation of large intestine and rectum
bloody diarrhea, mucus and pus
no skip lesions
66
Irritable bowel syndrome
abnormally increased motility of small and large intestines
67
symptoms of IBS
persistent or recurrent abdominal pain that is relieved with defecation
```
constipation or diarrhea
bloating
abdominal cramps
flatulence
nausea
anorexia
```
68
diverticular disease
pouch-like herniations of the mucosal layer of the colon
69
diverticulosis
pouch-like herniations of the colon (sigmoid)
70
symptoms of diverticulosis
minimal
| can include rectal bleeding
71
diverticulitis
inflammation of one or more diverticulitis
72
symptoms of diverticulitis
pain and cramping the the LLQ, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, and elevated WBC
may complain of back pain
73
appendicitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
74
Blumberg's sign
rebound tenderness
75
symptoms of appendicitis
abrupt pain localized to epigastric of periumbilical area
rebound tenderness (Blumberg's sign
Point tenderness at McBurney's pt
Rovsing;s sign pain in RLQ
Obtrutator sign
Markle's sign
(+) psoas test
76
Rovsing's sign
when pressure is put on LLQ, pain in RLQ occurs
77
Obturator sign
RLQ pain w/ ER and flex to 90 of R hip w/ 90 deg of knee flexion
indicative of inflammation of the sheath of the obturator nerve
78
Markle's sign
pain elicited in the RLQ when a pt drops from standing on toes to the heels with a jarring landing
79
elevations in WBC greater than _____ is indicative of ____
>20,000/mm3 = perforation
80
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
81
what does peritonitis result from?
bacterial invasion and infection of the peritoneum
E.coli, bactericides, fusobacterium and streptococci
82
symptoms of peritonitis
abdominal distension, severe abdominal pain, rigidity from reflex, guarding, rebound tenderness, decreased of absent bowel sounds, cause and vomiting, tachycardia
elevated WBC, fever, electrolyte imbalance and hypotension common
83
Psoas sign
pain in RLQ w/ hip extension from inflammation of the peritoneum overlying the poses muscle
84
rectal fissure
tear or ulceration of the lining of the anal canal
85
contributing factors to rectal fissures
constipation nd large, hard stools
86
hemorrhoids
varicosities in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion of the veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus
87
symptoms of heorrhoids
local irritation, pain, rectal itching
