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VMS 1004 > GI physiology 1 and 2 > Flashcards

GI physiology 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prehension

A

The act of moving food into your mouth

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2
Q

What controls the Prehension process?

A

The CNS

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3
Q

What primary nerves are involved in prehension

A

facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

Mastication

A

chewing: breaking down food into smaller particles, also moisturises dry food

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5
Q

What type of cells are found within the mouth

A

stratified squamous epithelium, hardy against digestive jices

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6
Q

What sensory neurons are found within the mouth?

A

terminal branch of the sensory neurons

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7
Q

What are the two types of saliva?

A

Mucous (from zygomatic and sublingual) and Serous saliva (from the parotid)

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8
Q

What is mucous saliva?

A

Thicker, helps form a bolus/ ball to move through the GI Tract

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9
Q

What is Serous saliva?

A

more watery, contains amylase

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10
Q

What are our salivary glands mainly controlled by?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What receptors do salivary secretory cells contain?

A

Beta adrenergic receptors which can be activated by sympathetic nerve stimulation (e.g dog drooling when it smells food)

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12
Q

What are the 3 main functions of saliva?

A

Lubrication, pH regulation and antibacterial

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13
Q

Mucins (glycoproteins)

A

Mix with water to form mucous in the oesophagus

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14
Q

What do binding proteins in the saliva do?

A

Bind to tannins, makes them less bitter and easier to consume

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15
Q

Deglutition

A

The process of swallowing

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16
Q

What happens when an animal swallows

A

Soft palate is raised, epiglottis springs back to close the trachea and protects the food from entering

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17
Q

Voluntary phase

A

first phase, producing a bolus and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing

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18
Q

Involuntary

A

Involuntary swallowing of the food, breathing stops, soft palate is elevated, glottis is pulled under the epiglotis

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19
Q

What controls deglutition?

A

controlled by motor neurons in various centres of the brainstem (involuntary)

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20
Q

The Serosa

A

outside of the muscularis, a serous membrane

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21
Q

What is the function of the mucousal layer?

A

To secrete mucus

22
Q

Oesophagus in dogs, cattle and sheep

A

entire length is striated

23
Q

Oesophagus in horses primates and cats

A

partially smooth, partially striated (smooth muscle is under the control of the enteric nervous system)

24
Q

What happens in the oesophagus when deglutition is not taking place

A

Oesophagus is relaxed but both sphincters are tightly constricted

24
Q

What happens in the oesophagus when deglutition is not taking place

A

Oesophagus is relaxed but both sphincters are tightly constricted

25
Q

What are the three main tasks of the stomach?

A

Acts as a temporary food store for kine (food mixed with gastric juices), degredation of protein and starch and production of HCL to kill off bacteria

26
Q

Oesophageal sphincter

A

At the top of the stomach (fundus), lined with stratified squamous epithelium to resist the effect of acid erosion (could cause ulcers)

27
Q

What animal has a large cardia?

A

Pigs, because they need a place to store food for long periods of time

28
Q

Where do most of the gastric secretions occur?

A

In the corpus

29
Q

Proximal stomach

A

parts of the stomach that are closer to the mouth, fundus and cardia region

30
Q

Distal stomach

A

parts of the stomach that are closer to the small intestine, pylorus

31
Q

tonic contraction

A

when the stomach is empty muscle contraction is maintained (otherwise it would just collapse in on itself)

32
Q

receptive relaxation

A

when an animal eats, the muscles relax, under control of vagal nerve fibres- tells the CNS that the stomach is receiving food and to prepare for digestion

33
Q

Which part of the stomach has stronger waves of peristalsis?

A

The distal part (pylorus) as this is the “cement mixer part” that churns up your food

34
Q

How does chyme get pushed out the stomach?

A

pylorus wall contracts simultaneously, pushing it through the partially open sphincter

35
Q

What cells line the lumen?

A

simple columnar epithelium, these secrete a bicarbonate

36
Q

Mucin producing cells

A

found in pits in the stomach wall, produce a mucus

37
Q

Parietal cells

A

located further down in the pits/crypts, secrete HCL and an intrinsic factor that is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

38
Q

Chief cells

A

found further down in the pits, produce a precurser enzyme, pepsinogen,

39
Q

Endocrine cells in the pyloric region

A

G cells that produce gastrin, this is secreted into the blood and regulates the secretion of of HCL from parietal cells

40
Q

ECL cells

A

found in the fundus and corpus, produce histamine

41
Q

What produces HCL?

A

hydrogen/potassium ATPase pump in the wall of the parietal cell

42
Q

Auto catalysis

A

Pepsin degrades other pepsin molecules to make them active/ an example of positive feedback

43
Q

What are three substances that regulate gastric secretion?

A

acetylcholine, Gastrin and histamine

44
Q

What inhibits gastric secretion in the stomach?

A

signals from the duodenum or if the pH becomes too low, therefore less HCL is released

45
Q

What are two ways of increasing the rate of stomach emptying?

A

Expansion of the stomach wall ( controlled by acetylcholine) and secretion of gastrin

46
Q

What happens when you have a high fat/ protein meal?

A

(makes you feel more full) CCK stimulates the release on pancreatic enzymes and acts as a hunger suppressant

47
Q

Which animal produces rennin in the abomasum

A

young ruminants

48
Q

Stimulation of salivary glands by B adrenergic receptors

A

Not digestive activity, occurs in carnivores about to attack

49
Q

What is the function of lysozymes in saliva

A

To keep the amount of bacteria ‘in check’

50
Q

How much saliva does an adult cow excrete every day?

A

100-200 Litres

VMS 1004 (30 decks)

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