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VMS 1004 > Integument physiology > Flashcards

Integument physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the integument?

A

Protection, Immune defence, Sensing environment, Thermoregulation, Storage and excretion, Communication, Camouflage and selective permeability

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect stimuli such as touch, pressure and stretching

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3
Q

Ruffini’s end organ

A

detects skin stretching

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4
Q

Krauses end bulb

A

detects cold

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5
Q

Meisner’s corpuscle

A

detects vibrations

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6
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

detects pressure and fast vibrations

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7
Q

Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings that can detect pain

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings that can detect hot or cold

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of constant conditions within the body’s internal environment

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10
Q

How much of an adults body mass is water

A

60-65%

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11
Q

What part of the brain controls homeostasis?

A

The Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Coordinates activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS).
* Sympathetic (fight or flight).
* Parasympathetic (rest and digest).
* Enteric nervous system.
Controls a major part of the endocrine system.
» Detects the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the brain via osmoreceptors.
» Monitors brain temperature

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13
Q

Why is thermoregulation important?

A

» Enzymes only work at optimum temperature.
» Below 34°C animals unable to regulate their own temperature.
» At 27 to 29°C cardiac fibrillation and death!
» An increase of temperature to 45°C can cause fatal brain lesions.
» Knowledge of this can improve patient safety

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14
Q

Hypothermia

A

below normal body temperature

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15
Q

Hyperthermia

A

above normal body temperature

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16
Q

Fever/Pyrexia

A

reset of hypothalamic set point to higher temperature, enhances leucocyte

17
Q

Thermoregulation

A

negative feedback mechanism

18
Q

How do animals produce heat?

A

» By-product of all metabolic processes.
* Eventually all food energy is converted to heat
either directly or…
» Exercise.
* Work done converted to heat energy.
» Eating.
* Supply of energy, but also digestion is work.
» Muscle contraction (shivering thermogenesis).
* As a means of increasing metabolic heat in
response to a drop in temperature where
antagonistic muscles produce no useful work.
» Brown adipose tissue (non-shivering
thermogenesis).
» (Fever
* Changing the hypothalamic set point to aid in
fighting infection).

19
Q

Non-Shivering Thermogenesis

A

» Increased heat production via increased
metabolism.
» In response to chronic cold external factors
» Mediated via:
* Increased thyroxine secretion (hormone from
thyroid gland).
* Increased sympathetic (ANS) activity
(norepinephrine).
* Increased metabolism of lipids in response to
circulating catecholamines
(norepinephrine/epinephrine).
» Brown adipose tissue.

20
Q

Where is Brown Adipose Tissue located?

A

subcutaneous region between scapulae and around kidneys and myocardium

21
Q

Why are lipids near Mitochondria

A

facilitates rapid store of energy into heat energy

22
Q

What stimulates Brown Adipose Tissue

A

circulating catecholamines and norepinephrine secreted from sympathetic nerve endings

23
Q

What are the 3 ways animals lose heat?

A

Radiation, Conduction and Convection and Evaporation

24
Q

Radiation

A

when the body is warmer than the environment they lose heat by emission on infra-red emission

25
Q

Conduction and Convection

A

Directly from body surface to cooler objects in contact with the
animal.
* Transfer of heat by warm air to cooler air.

26
Q

Evaporation

A

Only form of heat loss when ambient temperature equals or is
greater than body temperature.
* Evaporation of 1L of water requires 2.43 kJ.
* Panting.
* Sweating.

27
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Specific to mammals (not present in other vertebrates species), predominantly in neonates, present in small hibernating mammals in adulthood, darker colour due to a higher density of mitochondria (smaller numerous lipid droplets)

28
Q

Panting

A

Patterns to increase heat loss through evaporation

29
Q

Turbinates

A

tiny structures inside the nose that become engorged along with respiratory and oral mucosa

30
Q

Dead space in lungs

A

volume of air that is not used for gas exchange

31
Q

Sweating

A

» Important means of thermoregulation in horses and cattle (from
apocrine sweat glands).
» Important means of thermoregulation in primates including
humans (from eccrine sweat glands).

32
Q

Can cats sweat?

A

Yes but glands are confined to paws, lips, chin and perineum

33
Q

Cutaneous arteries

A

volumes of skin and subcutaneous tissue supplied by branches of an artery that perforates the body fascia.

34
Q

Three plexus in the skin

A

Deep or subcutaneous, Middle and Superficial

35
Q

Heat Transfer within the body

A

Tissue is a poor conductor of heat. » Heat transported by the blood. » Heat produced primarily in muscles and the
liver.
» Heat lost through skin and respiratory tract as
very good blood supply with many small vessel
close to the body surface.
» Rise in core body temperature increases blood
flow to the skin.
» Drop in core body temperature decreases flow
and fur or plumage are raised
(piloerection/goose bumps) to trap more air as
insulation.
» Sympathetic nervous system regulates blood
flow and piloerection

36
Q

Counter-Current Exchange

A

Peripheral vessels dilate and transfer heat to the environment

37
Q

Carotid Rete

A

The carotid rete consists of a compact network of intertwined, freely anastomosing arteries, and is related to the branches of the trigeminal nerve. Seen in cats, pigs, chickens and dogs- not in horses and primates

38
Q

Function of brain cooling

A

During selective brain cooling, cool
venous blood from the nasal mucosa
drains into the cavernous sinus via the
angularis oculi vein (as well as some
deeper veins).
» Can be bypassed in periods of high
sympathetic activity.

39
Q

Guttural pouch

A

Air filled sac in the brain that cools down the blood- only found in horses

VMS 1004 (30 decks)

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