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GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the GI tract start and end?

A

Mouth

Anus

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2
Q

What divisions of the GI tract are used by anatomists?

A

Embryonic ones

Upper (foregut), middle (midgut) and lower (hindgut)

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3
Q

Why use the embryonic divisions of the GI tract?

A

Blood supply similarities in those areas

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the GI tract when there’s a GI bleed?

A

Upper and lower - marked by the duodenojejunal junction

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5
Q

What are the GI tract divisions used in an endoscopy?

A

Upper (oesophagus and stomach)

Lower (anus, rectum and colon)

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6
Q

What is the Palatoglossus?

A

Muscle that forms the palatoglossal arch

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7
Q

What covers the palatoglossus?

A

Mucomembraneous lining

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8
Q

What is the uvula made up of?

A

Saliva-secreting glands

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9
Q

What is the uvulas job?

A

Directing food towards the pharynx

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10
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

border between mouth and pharynx

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11
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus marked by?

A

Palatoglossal arch

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12
Q

How is the oropharyngeal isthmus closed?

A

Palatoglossus

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13
Q

What are features of the fungiform papillae and where are they found?

A

Round and relatively large

Along margins of tongue

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14
Q

What are features of the filiform papillae and where are they found?

A

Small, cone shaped projections

Found in the middle of the tongue

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15
Q

What are features of the vallate papillae and where are they found?

A

Blunt ended, cylindrical

8-12 in V shape anterior to the terminal sulcus

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16
Q

Why are the vallate papillae important?

A

Mark where the innervation changes

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17
Q

What are features of the foliate papillae and where are they found?

A

Liner folds of the muscosa

Sides of the tongue

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18
Q

What is the importance of the papillae?

A

Increase contact area between tongue and contents of the oral cavity

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19
Q

What does the trachealis muscle allow for?

A

Oesophageal expansion

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20
Q

What is the oesophagus separated into?

A

Cervical
Thoracic (T1-10)
Abdominal (oesophageal hiatus -> cardia of stomach)

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21
Q

What are the three normal oesophageal constrictions and where are they?

A

Cervical (C5/6)
Thoracic
Abdominal (T10)

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22
Q

Why is there a cervical oesophageal constriction?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

Why is there a thoracic oesophageal constriction?

A

Aortic arch

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24
Q

Why is there an abdominal oesophageal constriction?

A

Oesophageal hiatus

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25
Can you get abnormal oesophageal constrictions?
Yes
26
What is the peritoneum?
Thin serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities
27
What does the parietal peritoneum line?
Walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
28
What does the visceral peritoneum line?
Organs/ viscera
29
Where is the peritoneal cavity?
Between the two layers of peritoneum
30
What are the features of the peritoneal cavity?
Potential space | Filled with serous fluid
31
What are the two peritoneal relationships?
Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal
32
What are the 3 features of the intraperitoneum?
- organ completely covered with visceral peritoneum - organs attached to each other or the abdominal wall by a mesentery - organs can vary in their positioning
33
Give some examples of intraperitoneal organs
Stomach, jejunum and ileum
34
Give the features of the retroperitoneum
When an organ lies behind the peritoneum - only partially covered You cant move these organs and tricky to get to their posterior edges
35
Which edges of retroperitoneal organs are covered in peritoneum generally?
Anterior and maybe lateral parts
36
Give some examples of retroperitoneal organs
Pancreas, ascending and descending colon
37
What is the mesentery?
Double layer of peritoneum that usually connects an organ to the abdominal wall
38
What is the mesentery of the small intestine called?
The mesentery
39
What is the mesentery of the transverse colon called?
Transverse mesocolon
40
What is an omentum?
Double layer of peritoneum connecting two abdominal organs
41
What are the features of the greater omentum?
- Hangs down like an apron - connects the stomach to the transverse colon - variable amounts of fat - mobile
42
How does the greater omentum help the immune response?
Forms adhesions to areas of inflammation and limits the spread of infection
43
What does the lesser omentum connect?
Stomach and the liver
44
What does the lesser omentum create?
Epiploic foramen/ lesser sac
45
Why is the epiploic foramen important?
How you access stuff behind the stomach
46
What is the peritoneal ligament?
A thickened double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall
47
What is the falciform ligament?
Connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
48
Why is the falciform ligament a thing?
Embryologically it ran from the placenta to the heart to supply it with blood, bypassing other organs
49
What does the coronary ligament connect?
The liver to the underside of the diaphragm
50
What are ruggae?
Folds on the internal stomach surface
51
What are the functions of the liver?
- Production and secretion of bile - metabolism - blood filtration - heparin synthesis
52
What is heparin?
Anticoagulant with an important detoxification function
53
What does the liver filter out of the blood?
Bacteria and foreign particles from the small intestine
54
Should your liver be palpable?
Not unless you take a deep breath in
55
Why are there indentations of the posterior liver surface?
From organs it rests on
56
What is the bare area of the liver?
Where the liver directly touches the diaphragm
57
What is the gall bladders function?
Store and concentrate bile
58
Can you live without a gallbladder?
Yes
59
What is the function of the cystic bile duct?
Brings bile directly from the liver
60
Where does the bile duct empty into?
Duodenum
61
Where is the duodenum?
C shaped bit of small intestine
62
What sits in the duodenum?
Head of the pancreas
63
What is the major duodenal papilla?
Opening of the bile duct
64
What are plicae circularis?
Circular folds in the walls of the duodenum
65
What does the major duodenal papilla deliver?
Pancreatic enzymes and bile
66
How long is the jejunum and ileum?
5-7.5 metres
67
Where is the jejunum?
Proximal 2/5 of small intestine
68
Where is the ileum?
Distal 3/5 of small intestine
69
How do the plique circularis compare in the jejunum and ileum?
Much more prominent in the jejunum
70
How does the lumen compare in the jejunum and ileum?
Wider in jejunum
71
How do the walls compare in the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is thick walled and ileum is thin walled
72
How do the arteries and vasa recta compare in the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum - less arterial arcades and long vasa recta Ileum - more arterial arcades and short vasa recta
73
How does the mesentery fat content compare in the jejunum and ileum?
Less fat in jejunum
74
How long can an appendix be?
Up to 10cm
75
How much can the appendix move?
A lot- it’s really mobile
76
What is the taeniae coli?
Longitudinal muscle that runs along the outer layer of the long intestine
77
What happens when the taeniae coli contract?
Forms a pocketed appearance called haustra
78
What do the taeniae coli help with?
Movement of food through bowel
79
What are appendices epiplocae?
Fatty deposits on the external surface of large intestine
80
Where does the coeliac trunk sit?
T12
81
Do the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries meet- and if so where?
Anastomoses at the border of the colon
82
What does the portal venous system drain?
Venous blood from the greater part of GI tract and accessory organs
83
What is the portal vein formed from?
Union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins,
84
Where does the portal vein originate?
Behind the neck of the pancreas
85
What does the portal vein split into in the liver?
Sinusoids
86
What are the portal-systemic anastomoses?
Oesophageal Rectal Paraumbilical Colic
87
Why are the portal-system anastomoses important?
If the direct route becomes blocked

Anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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