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Pathophysiology > GI system disorders > Flashcards

GI system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper GI tract?

A

MEDS
Mouth
Esophagus
duodenum
Stomach

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2
Q

What is the difference in function when comparing the small intestine ad large intestine?

A

small intestine will digest and absorb nutrient
large intestine will absorb and digest water and electrolytes as well as store waste product until elimination.

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3
Q

What is the mucosa vs the submucosa? Which level is most effected with ulcers?

A

mucosa - an epithelial layer of squamous or columnar cells
submucosa - accessory glands, lymphoid tissue, blood vessels and nervous tissue

  • ulcers are associated
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4
Q

What is the function of the intestinal tract?

A

provide physical barrier
immune function
breach of this mucusal barrier leaves the host susceptible to disease.

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5
Q

what substance initiates digestion?

A

amylase

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6
Q

what is the function of mucus production?

A

moisten food
cleans the mouth and teeth
salivary glands

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7
Q

What is the major function of the esophagus?

A

peristalsis (movement of food)

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8
Q

Chief cells of the stomach secrete:

A

pepsinogen

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9
Q

parietal cells of the stomach secrete:

A

HCl

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10
Q

What produces gastrin in the stomach?

A

G cells

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11
Q

How long does gastric emptying take?

A

40 minutes to an hour

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12
Q

What are the 4 functions of the small intestine?

A

break food down
absorb nutrients
extract water
move food in the GI tract.

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13
Q

What are lacteals?

A

lymphatic capillaries that absorb dietary fats from the villi of the small intestine and transport to the thoracic duct and subclavian vein

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14
Q

where does the grunt work of digestion happen?

A

the small intestine

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15
Q

What is malabsorption syndrome?

A

a group of disorders characterized by reduced intestinal absorption of dietary components and excessive loss of nutrients in the stool.

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16
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

a lifelong inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract

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17
Q

what is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

a group of symptoms that represent the most common disorder of the GI system

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18
Q

what is the hallmark of diverticular disease?

A

Outpouchings in the wall of the colon or small intestine

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19
Q

what is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

A

diverticulosis means that the diverticula are present but uncomplicated
diverticulitis means that the infection of the pouches is formed within the intestine.

20
Q

Nausea is not a ____________ but instead is a ___________.

A

disease; symptom

21
Q

What is the term for: involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one’s stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose?

A

vomiting or emesis

22
Q

What are some complications that can occur due to nausea and vomiting?

A

dehydration
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
pulmonary aspirations
mucosa tears (causes vomiting of blood)
rupture of esophagus
malnutrition

23
Q

The diminished appetite or aversion to food is called?

A

anorexia

24
Q

Anorexia can result in:

A

heart disease
renal disease
hypokalemia
hypotension
orthostatic hypotension

25
Q

Progressive atrophy of muscle mass and body weight is called:

A

cachexia

26
Q

Cachexia is associated with an increase in:

A

metabolic rate
sympathetic drive
protein degradation

27
Q

True or false: increase in caloric intake in association with cachexia will correct the weight loss.

A

false

28
Q

cachexia will result in:

A

loss of strength secondary to muscle mass
malnutrition
weight loss

29
Q

true or false: cachexia is synonymous with anorexia.

A

false

30
Q

What are some reasons that constipation may occur?

A

age
diet
dehydration
side effects of meds

31
Q

What are some very specific reasons constipation may occur?

A
  1. inactivity or prolonged bed rest
  2. acute or chronic diseases of the digestive system
  3. underlying organic disease
  4. lesions or structural abnormalities within the colon that narrow the intestines
  5. slow transit alimentary canal
  6. defecatory disorders
  7. low back pain
32
Q

dysphagia is when an individual has difficulty:

A

swallowing

33
Q

Failure of the smooth muscle fibers in the lower esophageal sphincter to relax is called:

A

achlasia

34
Q

Achlasia can cause:

A

heartburn and indigestion

35
Q

Mechanically induced abdominal pain is categorized as stretching:

A

of a wall of a hollow organ or the capsule of a solid organ

36
Q

abdominal pain can occur in response to ________________ and occurs by the release of:

A

inflammation
prostaglandins, histamines, serotonin, bradykinin

37
Q

Referral patterns for abdominal pain include:

The gall bladder refers pain is to the top of the _______ ________________.
Stomach problems may refer to the spine between the ____________ ______________.
Intestinal dysfunction may be referred to the ____________ or ________ ______________.

A

Right shoulder
shoulder blades
middle or low back

38
Q

Metabolites are released in an area of ischemia resulting in the generation of pain. This is called ___________ pain.

A

ischemic.

39
Q

Hematemesis is the:
What if it is red?
What if it resembles coffee grinds?

A

vomiting of blood

red - injury is esophageal in origin
coffee - presence coagulated blood and injury is in the stomach.

40
Q

What is hematochezia? It typically occurs secondary to:

A

unaltered red blood passess through the rectum.
hemorrhoids!

41
Q

Melena is the:

A

passing of dark tarry stools caused by bleeding from any intestinal site.

42
Q

Acute GI bleeds are not good because:

A

blood loss can be large
results in anemia
results in hypovlemia
tissue hypoxia

43
Q

What are some implications for the pt associated with GI disease?

A

body fluid loss
electrolyte imbalance
hypovolemia (pallor, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia)

44
Q

What are GI problems most commonly seen in older adults?

A

constipation, incontinence, and diverticular disease

45
Q

what are some signs of aging within the GI tract?

A

decreased interest in food
decreased salivary secretions
loss of smooth muscle tone

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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