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Histology > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

function of alimentary tract

A

take in raw food material, fragment it into small portions

secretions (mainly enzymes) convert larger molecules into smaller ones -> absorption into blood and lymph circulation

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2
Q

small molecules

A

mainly amino acids, small peptides, carbohydrates, sugars and lipids
transported to liver by blood and lymph - used in synthesis of essential proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

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3
Q

three functional components of alimentary tract

A

oral cavity, simple transport passages and digestive tract

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4
Q

oral cavity

A

food is ingested and fragmented by teeth, softened by saliva and moved around by jaws and tongue
bolus is transferred by deglutition to eosophagus

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5
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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6
Q

simple transport passages

A

contractile conduit to pass semisolid material from one area to another
pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, anal canal

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7
Q

control of eosophagus

A

long

bolus forced along it by smooth muscle action in peristalsis - involuntary nervous control

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8
Q

control of anal canal

A

transports semi solid undigested waste material
involuntary due to increasing distension of the rectum
evacuation of faeces usually controllable by voluntary (skeletal) muscle in external sphincter

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9
Q

lubrication of simple transport passages

A

lubricated by mucus - mucus glands secrete oesophageal mucus

in anus, faeces are lubricated by mucus secreted by goblet cells in colonic epithelium

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10
Q

digestive tract

A

stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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11
Q

stomach

A

resevoir - ingested food held up by sphincter until acid and enzymatic secretions of stomach mucosa has broken up food into semiliquid slurry (chyme). passes through sphincter into small intestine

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12
Q

chyme

A

food is broken up by acid and enzymatic secretions into semiliquid slurry

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13
Q

small intestine

A

enzymes and chemicals secreted by small intestine and auxiliary glands (liver and pancreas) - enter via ducts.
absorbs breakdown products

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14
Q

large intestine

A

fluid content mostly reabsorbed until waste material converted into semisolid material, lubricated by mucus

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15
Q

auxiliary gland systems

A

salivary glands, pancreas and liver

secretions through ducts

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16
Q

oral cavity lining and contents

A

mouth lined by stratified squamous epithelium
underlying submucosa contains: salivary glands secreting serous and mucous fluids, skeletal muscle fibres alter size and shape of cavity, skeletal muscles form bulk of tongue and cheeks
deep tissues: small plates of bone (hard palate), modified bone (teeth)

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17
Q

lips lining and contents

A

vermilion - non keratinising stratified squamous epithelium, rete ridge formation, papillae between epithelial downgrowths contain prominent blood vessels
inner surface of lips lined by non-keratininising squamous epithelium, less developed rete ridge formation, small clumps of salivary tissue - secretions
sebaceous glands - near angles of mouth, open onto mucosal surface
deeper parts of lips: bundles of striated muscle fibres (orbicularis oris muscle) - concentric around orifice - opens and closes it.

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18
Q

orbicularis oris muscle

A

bundle of striated muscle fibres in deeper parts of lips

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19
Q

cheeks lining and contents

A

thick non-keratinising squamous epithelium
cells rich in glycogen
areas of keratinisation arise from chronic friction
submucosa: minor salivary glands (buccal glands), occasional sebaceous glands (Fordyce’s spots)
deep tissues: skeletal muscle fibres

20
Q

palate lining and contents

A

non-keratinising squamous epithelium
hard palate - rete ridge due to frictional shear
submucosa - tethered to periosteum of palatal bone plate. non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium - extends to ciliated columnar epithelium on nasal surface

21
Q

floor of mouth lining and contents

A

covered by thin non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium - continuous w/ ventral tongue
minor sublingual glands (salivary)
major sublingual glands on sides of midline frenulum of ventral tongue

22
Q

tongue lining and content

A

muscular organ
ventral surface: thin non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium continuous w/ floor of mouth
dorsal surface - thick keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

23
Q

divisions of tongue

A

anterior 2/3s and posterior 1/3
separated by v shaped line of 6-10 dome shaped protrusions (circumvallate papillae), flattened - surrounded by channel of taste buds

24
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

dome-shaped protrusions on v shaped line dividing tongue

surrounded by channel of taste bud epithelium

25
Q

posterior third of tongue

A

MALT - low smooth dome shaped elevations
MALT, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal adenoids protect oral portal of entry
non keratinising stratified squamous epithelium w/ lymphocytes
small salivary glands

26
Q

three types of papillae

A

filiform, circumvallate, fungiform

27
Q

filiform papillae

A

most numerous
dorsum of anterior 2/3 of tongue
tall, narrow, pointed, keratinised (esp. at tips)
no taste buds

28
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered randomly among filiforms
mushroom shape
taste buds - anterior tip of tongue ones detect sweet tastem behind tip and along lateral borders salty taste

29
Q

taste buds

A

full thickness of epithelium
pale-staining spindle shaped cells in oval cluster
luminal surfaces open into defect in epithelium (taste pore)
microvilli

30
Q

taste receptor cells

A

synaptic vesicles

small afferent nerve fibres

31
Q

supporting sustentacular cells

A

electron-dense cytoplasm
scanty secretory granules near surface
may secrete glycosaminoglycans into taste pore

32
Q

cells resembling taste receptor cells

A

lack synaptic vesicles and afferent nerve fibres

33
Q

turnover of cells

A

10-14 days

small rounded stem cells at base of taste bud

34
Q

tastes detected by dorsal tongue

A

acid, sweet, bitter and salty

35
Q

skeletal muscle in tongue

A

bands run longitudinally, vertically, transversely and obliquely - adipose tissue in-between
mobility for food and speech

36
Q

junction between posterior one third and anterior two thirds

A

abundant islands of salivary tissue in submucosa between muscular core and surface epithelium

37
Q

teeth

A

hard, heavily mineralised structures embedded in raised alveolar ridges of maxilla and mandible

38
Q

arrangement of teeth

A

free surface of lower ones oppose and contact upper ones - food material can be trapped between them

39
Q

anterior teeth

A

incisor and canines - narrow, pointed free edges

40
Q

posterior teeth

A

premolars and molars - broader, flatter free surfaces. grind from medium to small

41
Q

mandible joint to body of skull

A

temporomandibular joint - slides backwards and forwards, side to side

42
Q

tooth division

A

crown protrudes into oral cavity

root embedded in bone of mandible or maxilla

43
Q

junction between crown and root

A

neck

44
Q

mature tooth components

A

central pulp cavity, dentine, enamel, cementum, periodontal ligament

45
Q

central pulp cavity

-matrix, vessels and nerves, width, outer surface

A

soft central core of tooth
collagen and fibroblasts in acellular matrix
acellular matrix composed of glycosaminoglycans
blood vessels for odontoblasts
nerve twigs for dental sensation
enter and leave through apical foramen at tip of root
narrow through most (root canal)
expands in neck and crown (pulp chamber)
outer surface: odontoblasts producing dentine - diminishing in size

Histology (10 decks)

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