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Histology > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

nervous system

A

allows rapid and specific communication between widely spaced areas of the body
specialised nerve cells
neurons gather and process information and generate appropriate response signals

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2
Q

2 parts of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

nerves running between CNS and other tissues

nerve relay stations - ganglia

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5
Q

neurons functions

A

network of highly specific connections between different groups of cells

gather information from sensory receptors
process information and provide memory
generate appropriate signals to effector cells

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6
Q

what are neurons characterised by?

A

cell body
axon
dendrites
synapses

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7
Q

neuron cell body

A

contains nucleus and most organelles

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8
Q

axon

A

long cell process stretching from cell

transmitting signals from neurons to cells

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9
Q

dendrites

A

numerous short cell processes

increase SA available for connecting with axons of other neurons

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10
Q

synapses

A

specialised cell junctions between axon and other cells to allow direct communication

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11
Q

determination of functional attributes of the nervous system

A

determined by network of connections between neurons, not on specific structural features of individual neurons

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12
Q

neuron activity

A

highly metabolically active

maintain big SA of membrane
energy to develop electrochemical gradients

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13
Q

histological appearance of neurons

A 
large rounded nucleus
large central nucleolus
RER 
Nissl substance - purple stained granules
Golgi
mitochondria
lysosomes
residual bodies containing lipofuscin
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14
Q

Nissl substances

A 
purple stained granules in neurons
cell body (perikaryon) and dendrites, not axon
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15
Q

types of neurons

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

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16
Q

motor neurons

A

large cell body
metabolic support for large axon
many dendritic processes - multipolar neurons

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17
Q

sensory neurons

A

unipolar cells
one major process
divides into 2 branches, one running to CNS and one to sensory area of body

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18
Q

interneurons

A

small, simple cells
short processes providing local connections within CNS
bipolar - 2 main processes of equivalent size, one dendritic and one axonal

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19
Q

intermediate filament of neurons

A

neurofilament protein

acts as internal scaffold to maintain shape of axon and cell body

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20
Q

neurofilaments in axons

A

membrane proteins are anchored in place in organised pattern by attachment to cellular neurofilaments

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21
Q

microtubules in neurons

A

transport substances and organelles up and down axon

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22
Q

metabolic maintenance of long cell process of axon

A

requires transport system for organelles, enzymes and metabolites from cell body

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23
Q

slow axonal transport

A

enzymes and elements of cytoskeleton transported down axon at 1-5mm/day

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24
Q

anterograde fast axonal transport

A

membrane bound organelles transported at speeds of 400 mm/day
mediated by microtubular transport mechanisms using kinesin as motor

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25
retrograde axonal transport
effete organelles and recycled membrane from synaptic ending back to neuronal cell body at 300 mm/day mediated by mechanisms using dynein as motor
26
how is neuronal signalling controlled?
electrical (ionic) gradient across membrane
27
neuronal firing
depolarisation of membrane resting axon has negative membrane potential (-70mV) depolarisation is propagated along axon at 100m/s
28
membrane ion pumps
maintain baseline electrical gradient between inside and outside of cell widely distributed
29
ion channel proteins
modify electrochemical gradient across membrane | form gates/pores which switch permeability to ions in response to specific signals
30
gated channels
gates switch permeability to ions in response to specific signals
31
ligand gated channels
close or open in response to binding to chemical transmitter substances synapses
32
voltage gated channels
explosive and rapid depolarisation occurring as cells fire | widely distributed in cell membrane
33
depolarisation and small current
locally depolarised and small current - no gated channels open flows down axon by passive local spread for small distance dissipates due to leakage from membrane
34
depolarisation and large current
Na+ and K+ gated channels open and lead to explosive change in membrane potential (action potential)
35
determination of passive local spread
resistance and capitance of axon | larger diameter, greater speed
36
synapse
special type of cell junction allowing direct communication between cells transmitter substance secreted in highly localised fashion
37
synaptic bouton
terminal end of axon swollen | applied to surface of target cell
38
synaptic cleft
20nm gap between synaptic boutons
39
cell membranes on synaptic cleft
contain special membrane proteins and receptors involved in neurotransmission
40
ultrastructure of cell membrane on synaptic cleft
slightly thickened synaptic bouton contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments and neurosecretory vesicles
41
synaptophysin
glycoprotein in membrane of neurosecretory granules
42
chromogranins
proteins involved in packaging of transmitter into dense core vesicles
43
what does the wave of depolarisation trigger?
release of a transmitter substance from neurosecretory granules by exocytosis transmitter substance diffuses across the synaptic cleft and interacts with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of target neuron membrane of vesicle recovered as coated pit and recycles to endosome compartment in the nerve terminal
44
types of neurosecretory vesicles
arrive in axon terminal by transport from cell body | formed locally by budding off from endosome compartment in synapse
45
synaptobrevin
anchoring protein in membrane of synaptic vesicle | ties vesicle to docking protein in presynaptic membrane (syntaxin) via linking proteins
46
syntaxin
docking protein in presynaptic membrane
47
linking proteins
SNARE, alphaSNAP, betaSNAP, SNAP25 and NSF
48
membrane fusion proteins
in synaptic vesicle membrane and in presynaptic membrane | allow exocytosis
49
synaptotagmin
calcium sensitive trigger protein prevents linking complex from allowing calcium fusion action potential - voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels open releases trigger protein, allows exocytosis
50
3 possible effects of a released transmitter binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells
depolarisation, hyperpolarisation and altered cell sensitivity
51
depolarisation
target cell depolarises if transmitter substance binds to ligand-gated receptor and causes it to open, allowing ions to diffuse into the neuron if many receptors are activated at once, the alteration in membrane potential causes activation of voltage gated ion channels - action potential acetylcholine and glutamate
52
hyperpolarisation
target cell hyperpolarises if transmitter substance binds to ligand gated receptor admitting small negative ions into cell inhibits depolarisation gamma aminobutyric acid glycine
53
altered sensitivity of the cell
transmitter substance binds to a non channel linked receptor generate secondary messengers (e.g. cAMP) within target neuron to modify overall sensitivity of cell to depolarisation monoamines small neuropeptides
54
neuromodulation
generating secondary messengers within target neuron to modify overall sensitivity of cell
55
types of synapses
axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonic serial axoaxonic neuromuscular junction - specialised synapse between motor nerve junction and skeletal muscle
56
factors affecting speed of conduction
electrical capitance and resistance of axon increased if leakage of current is minimised by insulation
57
width and capitance
wide axons have lower capitance than narrow ones increasing diameter increases speed of conduction inefficient as they have high metabolic upkeep
58
myelin
produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS | lipid rich insulating layer
59
Schwann cell
myelinates only one axon
60
oligodendrocyte
myelinates several adjacent axons
61
staining of myelin
affinity for lipid or protein components of sheath | difference between grey and white matter
62
grey matter
neuron rich areas low in myelin
63
white matter
tracts of axons with abundant myelin
64
myelin sheath
spiral layers of cell membrane around axon | each layer linked to neighbour by cell adhesion proteins
65
formation of myelin sheath
begins with invagination of axon into support cells, bringing its outer cell membranes into close opposition and seals them together to form sheet of internal membrane (mesaxon)
66
mesaxon
fused outer leaflets of myelin forming cell's cell membrane
67
intraperiod line
line of fusion mediated by proteins in outer surfaces of cell membrane
68
formation of spiral
support cell wraps layers of mesaxon around axon tight spiral composed of double thickness membrane fused together forms - cytoplasm of support cell is excluded from space between layers
69
major dense line
inner surfaces of cell membranes fuse together | form dense line
70
lipids in myelin
galactocerebroside
71
nodes of Ranvier
small bare areas of axon between myelin sheaths
72
where does the cytoplasm of the myelin-forming support cell stay in the myelin sheath?
adjacent to axon (inner collar

Histology (10 decks)

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