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Gin and other Flavored Spirits Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gin?

A

A neutral or highly rectified spirit flavored with juniper berries as well as a range of other herbs, spices, roots, flowers, seeds and/or leaves.

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2
Q

What are classic gin flavorings?

A

Juniper
Citrus Peel
Coriander
Angelica Root
Orris Root

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3
Q

What aromas are associated with Angelica Root in gin?

A

Musky, earthy and woody aromas.

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4
Q

What does Citrus peel and coriander add to gin?

A

An aromatic lift.

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5
Q

What aromas does Orris root contribute to gin?

A

Like Angelica root, earth/woody aromas. Also a distinct violet aroma.

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6
Q

What type of stills are used for gin production?

A

Pot or hybrid stills.

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7
Q

Why are gin stills usually made of copper?

A

Because that is what most are made of. It is not needed to remove sulfur since it starts with a base spirit.

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8
Q

Do gin distillers typically recycle their heads and tails?

A

No, they are usually sold to other distilleries for the ethanol.

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9
Q

Do gins use the one shot or multi shot redistillation technique?

A

Both, neither is considered better than the others.

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10
Q

Are botanicals distilled together at the same time or individually in gin production?

A

Most are distilled together. There are a small number of distillers distilling each individually to blend later.

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11
Q

Is chill filtration common in gin production?

A

No, it is not used often.

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12
Q

How do gin producers prevent louching from citrus oils?

A

Still management techniques. The distil slowly to ensure that there is a greater degree of separation among the fractions to keep the oils at a sufficiently low level so they do not louche.

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13
Q

Is Old Tom always sweetened?

A

No, an example is Jensen’s that uses licorice that has a naturally sweet taste.

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14
Q

What is a Juniper-flavored spirit drink?

A

A category in the EU for juniper spirits with an abv of 30% or more. Must have a discernible juniper character. Must be made using a neutral spirit or a grain spirit that is distilled to less than 96% abv.

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15
Q

Is gin aged in oak?

A

There are a very small number of gins aged in oak, almost always old oak for a short period of time.

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16
Q

Is a neutral spirit required for producing gin?

A

In the EU, yes. In the US, can be highly rectified.

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17
Q

What is compounding in Gin production?

A

A term used in the gin industry to refer to adding other flavorings. It does not involve heating the spirit and is sometimes called cold compounding.

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18
Q

What is Old Tom Gin?

A

The predominant style of gin in the mid 1800s. Slightly sweet, seeing a resurgence for use in craft cocktails.

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19
Q

What is Plymouth Gin?

A

A gin produced in Plymouth, England that is distinctive due to its full body, fruity aromas. Very aromatic - an example is Black Friars.

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20
Q

Is Plymouth Gin a GI?

A

No, it was, but now it has been trademarked by Pernod Ricard.

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21
Q

What are the two main styles of gin?

A

Classic juniper forward gins.
Contemporary gins.

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22
Q

How is Plymouth Gin distilled?

A

A grain spirit is “rectified” by redistilling in pot stills with botanicals.

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23
Q

Describe London Dry Gin.

A

A category for gin in the EU. Has less than 1 gram of sugar per liter, no added flavoring, clean, juniper berry flavor, light, dry, and crisp.

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24
Q

What is a compound gin?

A

Gin made by mixing neutral spirits with natural extracts/flavoring.

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25
What is cold distillation of gin?
The use of lowering air pressure to lower the boiling point. Can be macerated with no heat, makes for a more intense/fresh flavor.
26
What is redistillation of gin?
A mash is distilled, and then cut with water. It is distilled again with added botanicals. It may steep with the botanicals prior to redistillation.
27
What is a distilled gin in the US?
A sub-category of gin in the US produced by original distillation or redistillation. No other flavorings may be used.
28
What is distilled gin in the EU?
Made by redistilling a neutral spirit with Juniper berries. Other botanicals and flavorings may be added to the distillate after redsitillation. Must taste predominately of juniper and be bottled at 37.5% abv or above.
29
What is original distillation of gin also known as?
Direct Distillation
30
What is original distillation?
Fermented mash is distilled with juniper berries and other botanicals in a "gin head". Vapors pass through the gin head, flavoring the distillate.
31
What is cold compounding in gin production?
Crushed botanicals are added to a base of neutral spirits and left to soak for a week or more, sometimes in mesh bags
32
What is the essential oils method of compound distillation of gin?
Essential oils are added to a neutral spirit, blended, and left to rest for a week.
33
What are some anise flavored spirits?
Rakii Arak Absinthe Pernod Pastis Herbsaint Ouzo
34
What are some juniper flavored spirits other than gin?
Steinhäger Genever Wacholder
35
What is the second most commonly used botanical in gin?
Coriander
36
What is the minimum ABV for flavored gin?
30% ABV in the US Not a special category in the EU.
37
What is the dominant flavor of gin?
Juniper berry
38
What product is used for the neutral spirit base for gin?
Can be any neutral spirit, but a mash of cereal grain is most common.
39
Who was Fanciscus Sylvius?
A Dutch physician often credited with the invention of gin.
40
What are some anise flavored plants?
Star Anise Green Anise Fennel Licorice Root
41
What is anethole?
A flavor compound that has a licorice-like aroma and flavor.
42
What is Brennerei Everbusch
One of the oldest operating Wacholder distilleries located in Hagen, Germany.
43
What is Wacholder?
A classic German juniper flavored spirit. Mainly found in North Rhine - Westphalia.
44
Where may Genever be produced under the GI standards?
Netherlands Belgium 2 Departments in France (Nord and Pas-de-Calais) Some areas in Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony
45
Where does the name Genever come from?
The French baie de genièvre - juniper berry.
46
What are the two most common sub categories of Genever?
Oude (old) and Jonge (Young)
47
What is the minimum bottling strength for Genever?
35% ABV
48
What is required for labeling if Oude Jenever is aged?
If ageing is mentioned on the label, it must be for a minimum of one year in barrels of less than 700 L (185 gallons).
49
What is Moutwijn?
An unaged characterful grain-based spirit used for making Genever. Translates to malt wine.
50
Is Genever made exclusively from Moutvijn?
No, it more commonly also contains neutral spirit.
51
How is Moutwijn made?
A mash of corn, malted barley and rye is fermented and then distilled at least three times in a pot still to a strength of between 46-48% ABV.
52
What type of neutral spirit is used in Genever production?
Typically grain, but some inexpensive brands may use other raw materials.
53
What is Graanjenever?
A Genever where all of the raw materials used for the base spirit are from grains.
54
How are Genevers flavored?
Redistillation
55
What is a kopstoot?
The name for a chilled shot of Jonge genever consumed with a small beer on the side. Literal translation is headbutt.
56
What are the differences between Oude and Jonge Genever?
It describes the style of the genever, not the aging requirements. Oude must contain a minimum 15% malt spirit and is straw colored and relatively sweet. Jonge is drier and lighter in body, and may not contain more than 15% malt spirit.
57
Can Oude Genever be unaged?
Yes.
58
What is a main difference between gin an genever?
Juniper is not traditionally the dominant flavor/aroma of genever, and fewer botancials are used. Also has slightly lower ABA requirements. Genever has an established tradition of oak aging unlike gin.
59
What is the most popular style of Genever in the Netherlands and Belgium?
Jonge - makes up about 98% of the Dutch Genever market.
60
Which style of Genever is most frequently exported?
Oude Genever.
61
Is Genever sweetened?
Genevers are commonly sweetened before bottling.
62
Is caramel coloring allowed in Genever production?
Yes, but only in the production of Oude Jenever.
63
What is the maximum amount of sugar allowed in Genever?
Jonge - 10 g/L Oude - 20 g/L
64
What is H.W. Schichte?
The oldest producer of Steinhäger in Germany.
65
What is Steinhäger?
A German juniper flavored spirit over 500 years old. A triple distilled, mellow, grain spirit. It's packaged in bottles that resemble traditional stone crocks.
66
What is the minimum ABV for juniper flavored spirits (other than gin) in the EU?
30% ABV
67
Describe Norwegian Akvavit.
It is a spirit flavored with either dill or caraway (as the dominant flavor), many other botanicals are allowed to be used as well. Requires again of at least six months in wooden casks before bottling, or 12 months if the barrel is larger than 1000 L (264 gallons) Has GI status.
68
Is maceration used in the production of Akvavit?
No, it can extract overly bitter tastes from caraway.
69
Besides caraway and dill, what are some other botanicals used in the making of Akvavit?
Fennel Coriander Aniseed Star Anise Grains of paradise.
70
Is caramel color used in the making of Aquavit?
Yes.
71
What is Arcus?
An Aquavit producer.
72
What is Taffel?
An unaged Akvavit.
73
Describe Svensk Akvavit.
It is a spirit made with a neutral base spirit derived from wheat, rye, barley, oats or potatoes grown in Sweden. Caraway is typically dominant, but dill, cumin, and fennel are often present as well. Has GI status.
74
Which countries have GI status for their Akvavit?
Sweden and Norway.
75
What is Linje Aquavit?
A Norwegian Aquavit. Aged on a boat that travels to Australia and back again. Made by Arcus.
76
What are the requirements to be Aquavit in the EU?
Made from a neutral spirit flavored with caraway/dill seeds. Flavor must be "largely attributable to caraway and/or dill. Minimum bottling strength of 37.5% ABV Bitter tastes must not obviously dominate.
77
What is Akvavit?
A caraway flavored spirit from Scandinavia. Also includes others spices, herb, or fruit oil, often dill.
78
What is Pacharán?
A flavored spirit produced in northern Spain using sloe berries. May be dry or slightly sweet.
79
What is used to produce Pacharán
Sloe berries, coffee beans, and vanilla, soaked in anise flavored spirits.
80
At what ABV is Pacharán bottled?
25-30%
81
What are three areas of Greece outside of Lesvos with GI designations for Ouzo?
Kalamata Thrace Macedonia
82
What are the two cities on Lesvos with their own GI for Ouzo?
Mytilene Plomari
83
What Greek island is a traditional center of Ouzo production?
Lesvos
84
Where is Ouzo as a protected product produced?
Cyprus Greece
85
What is Ouzo?
An anise flavored spirit from Greece.
86
Who were J. Marion Legendre and Reginald Parker?
The creators of Herbsaint.
87
What is Herbsaint?
An American anise liqueur created in New Orleans
88
What is Pernod Ricard?
The company formed after a merger of Pernod and Pastis.
89
What is Pastis?
An anise based spirit containing anise, fennel, licorice root, and 48 other botanicals
90
What is required to qualify as a Pastis in the EU?
It must be made using licorice root, can be sweetened up to 100 g/L and must be bottled at 40% abv. Anethole levels must be between 1.5 and 2 g/L.
91
What is Pastis de Marseille?
A Pastis that has anethole levels between 1.9 and 2.1 g/L and a minimum bottling strength of 45% abv.
92
What brand dominates the Pastis category?
Ricard.
93
What is Pernod?
An anise spirit similar to absinthe, but without the wormwood and lower in alcohol. Created when Maison Pernod Fils Distillery in Pontarlier reopened in 1928.
94
What is Absinthe de Pontarlier?
An absinthe produced in France (in the Jura Mountains) with GI status. Must use locally grown wormwood. Required to be bottled at a minimum 45% ABV.
95
How is absinthe made?
A base spirit is infused with botanicals (anise, fennel, wormwood, others). Macerated, and then redistilled.
96
What is "la fée verte"?
A nickname for green absinthe - French for the green fairy.
97
What is thujone?
A chemical compound found in trace amounts in wormwood.
98
What are the maximum thujone levels allowed in Absinthe?
10 ppm in the USA 35 ppm in the EU
99
What was Maison Pernod Fils?
An absinthe distillery in Pontarlier France, the second opened by Major Henri Dubied and Henry-Louis Pernod.
100
Who was Major Henri Dubied?
Along with Henry-Louis Pernod, acquired the formula for absinthe and opened the first absinthe distillery in Couvet, Switzerland
101
Who were the Henriod sisters?
According to one legend, the first producers of Absinthe.
102
Who was Dr. Piere Ordinarie?
A French doctor living in Switzerland who, according to one legend, may have invented Absinthe.
103
Where was Absinthe believed to have been first produced?
Neuchatel, Switzerland.
104
What is Artemisia Absinthium?
Wormwood
105
What is the only country with a legal definition for Absinthe?
Switzerland
106
What aroma and flavor does wormwood give Absinthe?
A distinctly floral aroma and bitter taste.
107
How is traditional French absinthe made?
Using a two stage process, where the botanicals are placed in a pot still with diluted neutral spirit. In the second stage, they are macerated in the flavored spirit produced by redistillation.
108
What botanicals are commonly used in the second stage of French Absinthe production?
Petite Wormwood, Hyssop, and/or Melissa.
109
What is Absinthe?
A spirit produced using anise, sweet fennel, and wormwood.
110
What is Arak?
An anise-flavored spirit produced in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.
111
What is added to a base spirit to make Raki?
The base spirit is redistilled with aniseed.
112
What type of still is used to produce Raki?
An Alembic Still
113
What is Suma?
The raisin/grape base spirit used for making Raki. It is not a neutral spirit because it is distilled to a maximum of 94.5% abv.
114
What is the most high quality Raki made from today?
Grapes - Primarily Sultana and Razaki varieties.
115
What is Lion's Milk?
Another name for Raki.
116
What is Raki?
An Anise flavored spirit from Turkey.
117
What are some spirits associated with louching?
Pastis, Pernod, Absinthe, Ouzo, Raki, and Sambuca.
118
What is louching?
When a spirit is diluted with water and the spirit appears cloudy.
119
What causes louching?
Botanical oils present in the spirit are readily dissolved in alcohol but not so easily combined with water. When water is added, the oils fall out of emulsion.
120
What is Hendrick's Gin?
A Scottish gin flavored with cucumber and rose essences, developed in the 1990s.

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