GIT

Question 0

What cells produce cholecystokinin ?

Answer 0

Gut endocrine cells (I cells) of the mucosa of the small intestine

Question 1

What hormone is stimulated by fat in small intestine?

Answer 1

Cholecystokinin

Question 2

In the stomach what release pepsinogen?

Answer 2

Chief cells

Question 3

What activates pepsinogen?

Answer 3

1. Acidic pH

2. Pepsin

Question 4

What is pepsinogen?

Answer 4

An inactive pre cursor of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin

Question 5

The breakdown of complex food stuff is accomplished by?

Answer 5

Hydrolysis

Question 6

Complex starches are mainly digested by enzymes secreted from?

Answer 6

Pancreas (alpha amylase)

Question 7

Which process transports AA across the luminal surface of the epithelium that lines the small intestine?

Answer 7

Co transport with NA ion

Question 8

How does the stomach not digest itself?

Answer 8

1. Gastric mucosal cells transport H ions out of gastric mucosa
2. Pepsin is stored as pepsinogen so it will only be released when needed and does not digest the bodies own protein in stomach lining

Question 9

How is stored fat usually transported from 1 side of the body to the other?

Answer 9

Free fatty acids

Question 10

What is the concentration of free fatty acids in plasma?

Answer 10

15mg/dl

Question 11

What is an essential AA?

Answer 11

An amino acid that cannot be synthesised de novo and must therefore be supplied by the diet

Question 12

What are the 9 essential AA?

Answer 12

1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Lysine
4. Leucine
5. methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine

Question 13

What are the conditionally essential amino acids?

Answer 13

1. Arginine
2. Cystine
3. Glycine
4. Tyrosine

Question 14

What is the meaning of a conditionally essential amino acid?

Answer 14

Not normally require in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesise adequate amounts

Question 15

What hormones are secreted by the duodenum?

Answer 15

1. Secretin

Question 16

What does secretin do?

Answer 16

1. Regulates water homeostasis throughout the body
2. Helps regulate the ph of the duodenum by inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach; and
3. stimulating the production of bicarbonate from the centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts of the pancreas

Question 17

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?

Answer 17

Parietal cells

Question 18

Where are kupffer cells found?

Answer 18

Liver

Have phagocytic properties

Question 19

What do parietal cells secrete ?

Answer 19

1. HCL
2. Ca
3. Na
4. Mg
5. IF

Question 20

Cephalic phase

Answer 20

30% of acid production

Vagal cholinergic stimulation causing secretion of HCL and gastrin release from G cells

Question 21

Gastric phase

Answer 21

60% of acid produced

Stomach distension

Question 22

Intestinal phase

Answer 22

10% of acid production

Question 23

Factors increasing gastric acid production

Answer 23

1. Vagal nerve stimulation
2. Gastrin release
3. Histamine release (indirectly following gastrin release) from enterochromaffin cells

Question 24

Factors decreasing gastric acid production

Answer 24

1. Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release) 2. Cholecystokinin 3. Secretin

Question 25

What cells secrete secretin ?

Answer 25

S cells of duodenum - located in the crypts of lieberkuhn

Question 26

What goes gastrin do?

Answer 26

1. Increase HCL 2. Increase pepsinogen 3. Increase IF 4. Increase gastric motility 5. Trophic effect on gastric mucosa

Question 27

What cells secrete gastrin?

Answer 27

G cells in Antrum of the stomach

Question 28

What cells secrete CCK?

Answer 28

I cells in upper small intestine

Question 29

What does CCK do?

Answer 29

1. Increase secretion of enzyme rich fluid from the pancreas 2. Contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter oddi 3. Decrease gastric emptying 4. Trophic effect on pancreatic acinar cells 5. Induces satiety

Question 30

What does VIP do?

Answer 30

1. Stimulates secretion by pancreas and intestines | 2. Inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion

Question 31

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 31

1. Decreases acid and pepsin secretion 2. Decreases gastrin secretion 3. Decreases pancreatic enzyme secretion 4. Decreases insulin and glucagon secretion 5. Inhibit strophic effect of gastrin 6. Stimulates gastric mucus production

Question 32

Sympathetic innervation of abdomen

Answer 32

From thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow pass though sympathetic chain without synapsing and form greater(T5-9), lesser(T10-11) and least splanchnic nerves The fibres from the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves synapse at the coeliac ganglion