GL 1b: Basic Concepts of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Ganglia
2
Q
Neuroglia in the CNS:
- Controls ionic environment
- Increases blood supply
A
Astrocytes
3
Q
Neuroglia in the CNS: Macrophages of the CNS via phagocytosis
A
Microglial Cells
4
Q
Neuroglia in the CNS:
- Lines central cavity of CNS
- Has a semipermeable membrane that allows exchange of fluid (such as CSF)
A
Ependymal Cells
5
Q
Neuroglia in the CNS: produces the myeline sheath
A
Oligodendrocytes
6
Q
Neuroglia in the PNS: surrounds the cell body
A
Satellite Cells
7
Q
Neuroglia in the PNS: produces the myeline sheath
A
Schwann Cells
8
Q
Structural class:
- Many processes
- Most abundant
- Major neuron type in the CNS
- Seen in skeletal muscles
A
Multipolar neurons
9
Q
Structural class:
- 2 processes
- Seen in special senses
- Seen in the retinal bipolar cells
- Seen in the cells of the sensory cochlear and vestibular ganglia
A
Bipolar neurons
10
Q
Structural class:
- 1 process
- Forms central and peripheral processes
- Seen in dorsal root ganglia
- Found mainly in PNS
A
Unipolar/Pseudounipolar neurons
11
Q
Difference between nucleus/nuclei and ganglion/ganglia
A
Nucleus/nuclei - group of neurons in the CNS
Ganglion/ganglia - group of neurons in the PNS
12
Q
CNS:
- Composed of nerve cell bodies
- Grayish, dull color
A
Gray Matter
13
Q
CNS:
- Myelinated fibers/processes
- Glistening white color
- Either ascend or descend bet. the SC and brain
A
White Matter
14
Q
Which is located externally? Gray Matter or White Matter?
A
White Matter
15
Q
T or F: White matter is external to grey matter surrounding the hollow cavity, INCLUDING the cerebrum and cerebellum.
A
False. It EXCLUDES the cerebrum and cerebellum
16
Q
Identification: What structure holds organs in place?
A
Areolar Tissue
17
Q
Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the endoneurium?
A
Axon
18
Q
Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the perineurium?
A
Fascicle (group of axons)
19
Q
Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the epineurium?
A
The entire nerve (bundles of fiber)
20
Q
Openings in the skull
A
Foramina
21
Q
T or F: First two pairs (olfactory and optic) attach to the forebrain, the rest to the brain stem
A
True.
22
Q
T or F: All cranial nerves (except for the glossopharyngeal nerve) are distributed in the head and neck
A
False. Vagus nerve.
23
Q
Cranial Nerve:
- Supplies structures in the thorax and abdomen
- Extends out lateral ⅔ of the transverse colon
A
Vagus Nerve
24
Q
Name the 12 cranial nerves in order
A
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear (previously auditory)
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
25
Name the 3 Primary/Exclusively sensory nerves
Olfactory (I; Smell), Optic (II; Vision), and Vestibulocochlear (VIII; Hearing Equilibrium)
26
Name the 5 Primary motor nerves
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII)
*For eyes, neck, and tongue
27
Name the 4 mixed motor and sensory nerves and their functions
Trigeminal (V):
- S: face
- M: mastication
Facial (VII)
- S: facial muscles
- M: sublingual/submandibular/lacrimal glands; taste (anterior ⅔ of tongue)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- S: oral oropharynx and parotid gland
- M: stylopharyngeus muscle
Vagus (X)
- S: head, neck, heart; proximal ⅔ transverse colon)
- M: voice
28
Nerves involved in the ANS
Oculomotor (III), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Vagus (X)
29
T or F: Each spinal nerve is formed by the combination of a paired bundle of anterior and posterior roots.
True.
30
Root that contains bundles of efferent (motor) fibers
Anterior Root
31
Root that contains bundles of afferent (sensory) fibers
Posterior Root
32
Where do the cell bodies of Somatic Motor Neurons originate?
Anterior Gray Horn
33
Where do the cells of the Autonomic (Visceral) Motor Neurons originate?
Lateral Gray Horn
34
Where do the cells of the sensory neurons lie in?
Posterior Root Ganglion
35
T or F: Spinal nerves are only comprised of sensory components
False. Spinal nerves are comprised of BOTH sensory and motor components
36
Divisions of the spinal nerves as they exit the intervertebral foramina
Anterior Ramus (large) and Posterior Ramus (small)
37
Strips of skin which are supplied by sensory branches of a single spinal nerve
Dermatomes
38
What is the upper limb of dermatomes innervated with?
Nerves that participate in formation of brachial plexus; arises from C5-T1
39
Divisions of the lower limb dermatomes and their innervations
Anterior - lumbar nerves
| Posterior - sacral nerves
40
T or F: All spinal nerves transmit sensory information from the skin
False. All spinal nerves except for C1
41
Why is it important to know dermatome deficits?
To assess what spinal nerve, nerve root, or spinal cord segment may be damaged
42
Network of nerves from the ventral rami of all spinal nerves except Thoracic 2-12
Plexuses
43
4 types of plexuses
Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, and Sacral
44
Cervical Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from
Loc: Under the sternocleidomastoid muscle and extend into the posterior triangle of the neck
Inn: Neck, back of head, most of the superior part of the shoulder, and anterior strap muscles
Arises: C1-C4
45
Most important cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve - arises from C3-C5 and supplies muscles for respiration
46
Brachial Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from
Loc: Neck and partly in the axilla
Inn: Upper limb and some of the thoracic muscles
Arises: C5-C8 & T1
47
Lumbar Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from
Loc: Psoas muscle in posterior abdominal wall
Inn: Abdominal wall (small branches) and anterior thigh (main branches)
Arises: L1-L4
48
Sacral Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from
Loc: caudal to the lumbar plexus
Inn: Buttocks, lower limb, and parts of the pelvis and perineum
Arise: L4-L5 & S1-S4
49
Landmark of the sacral plexus
Piriformis muscle (posterior to the sacral plexus)
50
Part of the brain that integrates the activities of ANS and neuroendocrine systems (preserves homeostasis)
Hypothalamus
51
Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
52
T or F: SNS and PNS work functionally as antagonists and synergists but may also function independently
True
53
Location of the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia
Side of the vertebral column
- Cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior)
- Thoracic ganglia (10-11)
- Lumbar (4)
- Sacral (4)
- Coccygeal ganglia (ganglion impar)
54
Location of the sympathetic prevertebral/ collateral/preaortic ganglia
Anterior to the abdominal aorta
- Celiac ganglion
- Mesenteric ganglion (superior and inferior)
55
Name the steps of the main sympathetic pathway
1. myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fiber leaves the spinal cord in the anterior nerve root and passes through the white ramus
2. It synapses. into a sympathetic chain ganglion
3. It gives rise to unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through gray ramus into effector organs
56
Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is located at the level of C2
Superior cervical ganglion
57
Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is located at the level of C6/cricoid cartilage
Middle cervical ganglion
58
Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is fused with the thoracic ganglion/T1 to form stellate ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion
59
Interval between the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebrate and the neck of the 1st rib
Stellate Ganglion
60
T or F: Thoracic ganglia 1-4 = cervical ganglion
True. It forms the sympathetic part of the cardiopulmonary, esophageal plexus.
61
Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 5-9
Greater splanchnic nerve
62
Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 10-11
Lesser splanchnic nerve
63
Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 12
Least splanchnic nerve
64
4 Parts of the abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk
- Celiac plexus
- Superior mesenteric plexus
- Renal plexus
- Inferior mesenteric plexus
65
Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that receives the 2 lumbar splanchnic nerve
Superior hypogastric plexus
66
Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that forms the majority of the sympathetic contribution from superior hypogastric plexus
Hypogastric plexus
67
Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that converge together behind the coccyx to form the ganglion impar
Inferior hypogastric plexus
68
T or F: the PNS is also known as the thoracic-lumbar outflow
False. It is known as the craniosacral outflow
69
Difference between First-Order and Second-Order neurons
Both are preganglionic
First-order neurons are located in the brainstem (CNs III, VII, IX, and X) and the lateral horn of thee spinal cord (S2-S4)
Second-order neurons are myelinated and very long because they are located near the organs they innervate
70
T or F: PNS postganglionic neurons are long and myelinated
False. They are short and unmyelinated.
71
Target of the somatic nervous system
Skeletal Muscles
72
Target of the autonomic nervous system
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
73
T or F: ANS has 2 neuron pathways, namely the preganglionic neurons and the postganglionic neurons
True
74
T or F: Like the ANS, the SNS has 2 neuron pathways
False. It only has 1 neuron pathway where a single motor neuron runs the entire distance from the CNS to the target muscles (through the peripheral nerves) WITHOUT intervening synapses.
75
Termination of the SNS
Motor end plate on each muscle cell
76
T or F: The termination of the ANS is on the motor end plate on each muscle cell
False. It does not have motor end plates.
