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Anatomy > GL 1b: Basic Concepts of the Nervous System > Flashcards

GL 1b: Basic Concepts of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  3. Ganglia
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2
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS:

  1. Controls ionic environment
  2. Increases blood supply
A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS: Macrophages of the CNS via phagocytosis

A

Microglial Cells

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4
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS:

  1. Lines central cavity of CNS
  2. Has a semipermeable membrane that allows exchange of fluid (such as CSF)
A

Ependymal Cells

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5
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS: produces the myeline sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS: surrounds the cell body

A

Satellite Cells

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7
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS: produces the myeline sheath

A

Schwann Cells

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8
Q

Structural class:

  1. Many processes
  2. Most abundant
  3. Major neuron type in the CNS
  4. Seen in skeletal muscles
A

Multipolar neurons

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9
Q

Structural class:

  1. 2 processes
  2. Seen in special senses
  3. Seen in the retinal bipolar cells
  4. Seen in the cells of the sensory cochlear and vestibular ganglia
A

Bipolar neurons

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10
Q

Structural class:

  1. 1 process
  2. Forms central and peripheral processes
  3. Seen in dorsal root ganglia
  4. Found mainly in PNS
A

Unipolar/Pseudounipolar neurons

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11
Q

Difference between nucleus/nuclei and ganglion/ganglia

A

Nucleus/nuclei - group of neurons in the CNS

Ganglion/ganglia - group of neurons in the PNS

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12
Q

CNS:

  1. Composed of nerve cell bodies
  2. Grayish, dull color
A

Gray Matter

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13
Q

CNS:

  1. Myelinated fibers/processes
  2. Glistening white color
  3. Either ascend or descend bet. the SC and brain
A

White Matter

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14
Q

Which is located externally? Gray Matter or White Matter?

A

White Matter

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15
Q

T or F: White matter is external to grey matter surrounding the hollow cavity, INCLUDING the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

False. It EXCLUDES the cerebrum and cerebellum

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16
Q

Identification: What structure holds organs in place?

A

Areolar Tissue

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17
Q

Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the endoneurium?

A

Axon

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18
Q

Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the perineurium?

A

Fascicle (group of axons)

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19
Q

Anatomy of a Nerve: What is covered by the epineurium?

A

The entire nerve (bundles of fiber)

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20
Q

Openings in the skull

A

Foramina

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21
Q

T or F: First two pairs (olfactory and optic) attach to the forebrain, the rest to the brain stem

A

True.

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22
Q

T or F: All cranial nerves (except for the glossopharyngeal nerve) are distributed in the head and neck

A

False. Vagus nerve.

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23
Q

Cranial Nerve:

  1. Supplies structures in the thorax and abdomen
  2. Extends out lateral ⅔ of the transverse colon
A

Vagus Nerve

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24
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves in order

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear (previously auditory)
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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25
Q

Name the 3 Primary/Exclusively sensory nerves

A

Olfactory (I; Smell), Optic (II; Vision), and Vestibulocochlear (VIII; Hearing Equilibrium)

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26
Q

Name the 5 Primary motor nerves

A

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII)

*For eyes, neck, and tongue

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27
Q

Name the 4 mixed motor and sensory nerves and their functions

A

Trigeminal (V):

  • S: face
  • M: mastication

Facial (VII)

  • S: facial muscles
  • M: sublingual/submandibular/lacrimal glands; taste (anterior ⅔ of tongue)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

  • S: oral oropharynx and parotid gland
  • M: stylopharyngeus muscle

Vagus (X)

  • S: head, neck, heart; proximal ⅔ transverse colon)
  • M: voice
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28
Q

Nerves involved in the ANS

A

Oculomotor (III), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Vagus (X)

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29
Q

T or F: Each spinal nerve is formed by the combination of a paired bundle of anterior and posterior roots.

A

True.

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30
Q

Root that contains bundles of efferent (motor) fibers

A

Anterior Root

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31
Q

Root that contains bundles of afferent (sensory) fibers

A

Posterior Root

32
Q

Where do the cell bodies of Somatic Motor Neurons originate?

A

Anterior Gray Horn

33
Q

Where do the cells of the Autonomic (Visceral) Motor Neurons originate?

A

Lateral Gray Horn

34
Q

Where do the cells of the sensory neurons lie in?

A

Posterior Root Ganglion

35
Q

T or F: Spinal nerves are only comprised of sensory components

A

False. Spinal nerves are comprised of BOTH sensory and motor components

36
Q

Divisions of the spinal nerves as they exit the intervertebral foramina

A

Anterior Ramus (large) and Posterior Ramus (small)

37
Q

Strips of skin which are supplied by sensory branches of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatomes

38
Q

What is the upper limb of dermatomes innervated with?

A

Nerves that participate in formation of brachial plexus; arises from C5-T1

39
Q

Divisions of the lower limb dermatomes and their innervations

A

Anterior - lumbar nerves

Posterior - sacral nerves

40
Q

T or F: All spinal nerves transmit sensory information from the skin

A

False. All spinal nerves except for C1

41
Q

Why is it important to know dermatome deficits?

A

To assess what spinal nerve, nerve root, or spinal cord segment may be damaged

42
Q

Network of nerves from the ventral rami of all spinal nerves except Thoracic 2-12

A

Plexuses

43
Q

4 types of plexuses

A

Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, and Sacral

44
Q

Cervical Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from

A

Loc: Under the sternocleidomastoid muscle and extend into the posterior triangle of the neck

Inn: Neck, back of head, most of the superior part of the shoulder, and anterior strap muscles

Arises: C1-C4

45
Q

Most important cervical plexus

A

Phrenic nerve - arises from C3-C5 and supplies muscles for respiration

46
Q

Brachial Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from

A

Loc: Neck and partly in the axilla

Inn: Upper limb and some of the thoracic muscles

Arises: C5-C8 & T1

47
Q

Lumbar Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from

A

Loc: Psoas muscle in posterior abdominal wall

Inn: Abdominal wall (small branches) and anterior thigh (main branches)

Arises: L1-L4

48
Q

Sacral Plexus: location, what it innervates, and where it arises from

A

Loc: caudal to the lumbar plexus

Inn: Buttocks, lower limb, and parts of the pelvis and perineum

Arise: L4-L5 & S1-S4

49
Q

Landmark of the sacral plexus

A

Piriformis muscle (posterior to the sacral plexus)

50
Q

Part of the brain that integrates the activities of ANS and neuroendocrine systems (preserves homeostasis)

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

52
Q

T or F: SNS and PNS work functionally as antagonists and synergists but may also function independently

A

True

53
Q

Location of the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia

A

Side of the vertebral column

  • Cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Thoracic ganglia (10-11)
  • Lumbar (4)
  • Sacral (4)
  • Coccygeal ganglia (ganglion impar)
54
Q

Location of the sympathetic prevertebral/ collateral/preaortic ganglia

A

Anterior to the abdominal aorta

  • Celiac ganglion
  • Mesenteric ganglion (superior and inferior)
55
Q

Name the steps of the main sympathetic pathway

A
  1. myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fiber leaves the spinal cord in the anterior nerve root and passes through the white ramus
  2. It synapses. into a sympathetic chain ganglion
  3. It gives rise to unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through gray ramus into effector organs
56
Q

Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is located at the level of C2

A

Superior cervical ganglion

57
Q

Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is located at the level of C6/cricoid cartilage

A

Middle cervical ganglion

58
Q

Cervical part of the sympathetic system that is fused with the thoracic ganglion/T1 to form stellate ganglion

A

Inferior cervical ganglion

59
Q

Interval between the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebrate and the neck of the 1st rib

A

Stellate Ganglion

60
Q

T or F: Thoracic ganglia 1-4 = cervical ganglion

A

True. It forms the sympathetic part of the cardiopulmonary, esophageal plexus.

61
Q

Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 5-9

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

62
Q

Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 10-11

A

Lesser splanchnic nerve

63
Q

Thoracic nerve of the sympathetic system that arises from the thoracic SN 12

A

Least splanchnic nerve

64
Q

4 Parts of the abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk

A
  • Celiac plexus
  • Superior mesenteric plexus
  • Renal plexus
  • Inferior mesenteric plexus
65
Q

Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that receives the 2 lumbar splanchnic nerve

A

Superior hypogastric plexus

66
Q

Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that forms the majority of the sympathetic contribution from superior hypogastric plexus

A

Hypogastric plexus

67
Q

Part of the pelvic portion of the sympathetic trunk that converge together behind the coccyx to form the ganglion impar

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

68
Q

T or F: the PNS is also known as the thoracic-lumbar outflow

A

False. It is known as the craniosacral outflow

69
Q

Difference between First-Order and Second-Order neurons

A

Both are preganglionic

First-order neurons are located in the brainstem (CNs III, VII, IX, and X) and the lateral horn of thee spinal cord (S2-S4)

Second-order neurons are myelinated and very long because they are located near the organs they innervate

70
Q

T or F: PNS postganglionic neurons are long and myelinated

A

False. They are short and unmyelinated.

71
Q

Target of the somatic nervous system

A

Skeletal Muscles

72
Q

Target of the autonomic nervous system

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

73
Q

T or F: ANS has 2 neuron pathways, namely the preganglionic neurons and the postganglionic neurons

A

True

74
Q

T or F: Like the ANS, the SNS has 2 neuron pathways

A

False. It only has 1 neuron pathway where a single motor neuron runs the entire distance from the CNS to the target muscles (through the peripheral nerves) WITHOUT intervening synapses.

75
Q

Termination of the SNS

A

Motor end plate on each muscle cell

76
Q

T or F: The termination of the ANS is on the motor end plate on each muscle cell

A

False. It does not have motor end plates.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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