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Glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crushing

A

weak bedrock under glacier is fractured and broken by the weight of the glacier, breakig off bed rock this is carried by glacier through abrasion

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2
Q

plucking/quarrying

A

loose fragments of rock are tawn out and cariied by glacier ice

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3
Q

corries

A

armchair shaped hollows with steep back walls(via plucking)
weight of ice causes a hollow in the rock and as the ice moves via rotational slip this hollow is deepened

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4
Q

tarn

A

this is when a corrie is left water fills the hollow to form a steep back wall

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5
Q

glacial trough/ushaped valley

A

when a glacier bulldozes itself through a river valley causeing a broad valley floor and steep back wall-
result of erosion, plucking abrasion and freeze thaw

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6
Q

hanging valley

A

when small g,acier meets a bigger glacier. but doesnt erode as far down as a normal size glacier so is left hanginga nd form landmarks like waterfall

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7
Q

ribbon lake

A

long narrow lake formed in u shaped valley as aproduct of erosion - all lakes in windermere lake district are ribbon mostly

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8
Q

roches moutones (mound of rock)

A

a glacer meets an object that is too big to move so goes over it. movemen over it causes pressure friction and temp to increase increasing melting. Meltwater allows glacier to move over more easily.
as glacier reaches top meltwater refreeze but the stoss side is plucked away

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9
Q

Knock and lochan

A

a area of less and more resistant rock is met by a glacier.
the less resistent rock is erroded away to leave water and more resistant rock is left in form of little islands floating in water

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10
Q

crag and tail

A

edinghbrugh catsle

ice flow over resistant rock (crag) as it moves down lee ward side it deposits material

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11
Q

fluvioglacial processes

meltwater channels

A

streams of meltwater through high temp surrounding a glacie, can bevery erosive and deposit material to form braided rivers

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12
Q

kames

A

meltwater deposits material. this material is deposited on top of the glacier and when glacier melts it is left on the valley floor to form a mound.

heaviest material deposited first and lightest last

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13
Q

eskers

A

long winding ridge of glacial deposition.
a mound of glacial meltwater channels

material blocks up chanels

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14
Q

supra
en
sub

A

top
middle
bottom

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15
Q

natural cause of climate change

orbital cycles

A

natural change in the earths position and orbit

eccentricity-orbit becomes elliptical and at times the earth is much further from the sun.

axial tilt- angle of earth changes so summers and winters become more extreme

precession- the earth sometimes wobbles on its axis so seasons change slightly

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16
Q

natural cause of climate change

solar variation

A

amount of solar radiation the su produces.
lower solar activity is likely to lead to glacials

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17
Q

natural cause of climate change

volcanism

A

large scale eruptions lead to lots of ask in the air.
this can be so great it blocks out sunlight

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18
Q

natural cause of climate change

surface impact

A

if asteroids hit earth they can cause alot of ash and block out sunlight reducing global temps

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19
Q

short term climate events

loch lomond stadial

A

a rapid drop of temp 115,000 years ago triggering devention period
as temps fluctuated at least 3 puleses of ice advanced and retreated

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20
Q

short term climate events

the little ice age

A

took place during holocene and was a period of cooling after the medival warm period
started in 1550 and ended in 1850

caused canals and rivers to freeze
destroyed farmland
sea ice in iceland extended in all directions

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21
Q

THC

A

ocean currents driven by temp and saltyness density differences drive water movemnt

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22
Q

cryosphere

A

frozen part of the earths hydro cycle

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23
Q

albido effect

A

reflectivity of a surface eg ice deflects sunlight back, if ice melts oceans absorb heat

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24
Q

the holocene

A

time period we are currently in started 11,500 years ago

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25
the plicocene
a period which strted 2 mil years ago up to about 11,500 years ago
26
* glacials *interglacials
cold ice house periods warmer periods
27
periglacial processes
locations at edge of ice covered aereas charactorised by permafros, just cold periods
28
permafrost
when the soil below ground is almost permenantly frozen. -continuous: 90% ground is permafrost temp below -5 -discontinuous: 50-90% of ground is permafrost temp -1.5 to -5 -sporadic: 10-50% of ground is permafrost temp 0 to -1.5
29
geomorphological processes
processes that result in the modification of landforms on the earths surface
30
weathering
the breaking down of rock in situ
31
mass movement
downward movement of material down slop using gravity
32
freeze thaw
when rain water sneaks into cracks in a rock, reezes and expands causing cracks in thr rock. this repats, largening cracks until rock breaks
33
nivation
when weathering and erosion take place around a snow patch
34
frost heave
when rock and soil move up due to pressure generated by ice segregation o the ground
35
solifluction
mass movement of active layer down slope
36
# periglacial landscapes blockfields
accumulations of angular frost shattered rock which pile up on flat surfaces. they form in situ, created by frost heaving and freeze thaw weathering
37
# periglacial landscapes patterened ground
formed through frost heave as ground freezes and thaws rocks are forced up crating larger stones which roll down and fine sediment
38
# periglacial landscapes pingos
ice core mouds. as ground is forced upwards through frost heave, it forms mounds which can be open or closed open (discontinuous)- water movement through unfrozen ground, this water freezes to form an ice lens. ice lens cotinues to grow and psuh ground up to form a mound closed(continuous)-permafrost melts leaving unnfrozen ground, this will form a lens and a lens will push up unfozen ground to from a mound
39
# periglacial landscapes ice wedges
water gets into small cracks in the permafrost. this then freezes and thaws and overtime continues. this process repeats and forms large ice wedges
40
# periglacial landscapes solifluction lobes
active layer thaws and solifluction occurs, tongue shaped lobes of soil fall down a slope
41
mass balance
if a glacier grows or retreats depends on mass balance. the balance betwee accumulation and ablation
42
energy in a glacier
the mass of the glacier combined with the force of gravity is what moves the glacier down slope coverting into kinetic energy for transportation erosion and deposition
43
# Case study The gulkan glacier Alaska
in 2011 the glacier occupied an area of 16.7km sq mass balance chnage ablation is exceeding accumulation causing glacier to disapear
44
# case study Greenland ice sheet
feedback loop- ice melt so less reflection of sun so more melting. ice absorb 2% more heat per decade more than half of greenland ice sheet experienced melting last year
45
# case study artic ice
13.7% drop in ice per decade
46
# glacial movemtnr 1/2 ways basal slip
movement in small jerks in temperate glaciers as meltwater acts as a lube for movement 2-3m move per day if glacier comes up to an obsticle this increases pressure and temp increasing meltwater and moving over obsticle
47
# glacial movemtnr 1/2 ways internal deformation
inter-granular movement individual ice crystals slip and slide over eachother. these individual crystals become deformed or fracturesd due to intense stress causing a mass buld up of ice forced downhill via gravity
48
regelation creep
in basal sliding when meltwater refreezes after obsticle this is called regelation
49
rotational flow
when gradient increases so ice no longer move down slope so moves in a rotational manner
50
factors effecting rate of ice movement
1. gradient 2.altitude (high up=precepitation) 3.ice mass 4.meltwater 5.teperate or polar 6.friction
51
drumlins
egg shaped hills facing in direction of ice flow. formed when glacier is carrying too much sediment and it is needed to be deposited
52
# lowland depositional features till plains
extensive plain formed from the melting of an ice sheet that has been detached from a glacier
53
lodgment
till dropped via moving glaciers and is on till plains
54
erratics
55
56
mt everest- value of landscapes case study
income from hotels and camping shops pay for climbing lessons
57
wilderness
high quality wilderness means not many human activities a rural area with indeginous people
58
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes farming
farming in bolivia 70% of peoples income from farming summer anials are grazed at high attitudes sheep in fields
59
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes forestry
trees for soft and hard wood
60
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes mining and quarrying
mines for mineral deposits and ores and rocks such as slate made from indegineous rock active artic oil- 484 mil barrels per year
61
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes hydroelectricity
major use of water from glaciers new zealand use 98% of water from electric power switzerland use 70% water from hep
62
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes tourism
hotels shops activities careful managment of landscape to continue to attract tourist eg love the lakes
63
# 1 way people benifit from active amd relict landscapes water sources
hep stores
64
# case study sagamartha national park
walking spot scenic water source via river streams farms sheep hills UNESCO world heritage park
65
# case study one active glacial landscape
everest area of high mt glacier and valleys economic gain via tourest but has footpath erosion, illegal trails, pollution and waste
66
# case study one relict glacial landscape
lake district tourest cause income tourest cause traffic and pollution jjobs poorley paid increased demand for housing-second homes
67
one fragile ecosystem
tundra very diverse developing areas artic tundra
68
stakeholders involved in glacial managment of lake district
tourest businesses farmers ldnpa(national park authority)
69
stakeholders in sagamartha
unesco gov sherpas business tourest
70
stakeholders in artic tundra
alpine convecion scientists tourests
71

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