water

Question 1

is the orlds hyrological cycle an open or closed system

Answer 1

a closed system and therefore no water can enter or leave. Therefore the imputs and outputs are balancefd and the amount of water on earth does not change

however on a local scale it is an open system with imputs outputs and throughputs

Question 2

imputs and outputs of the water cycle

Answer 2

imputs- precepitation(water rain, snow and hail)

outputs- evaporatio, streamflow traspiration

Question 3

stores of water are

Answer 3

an accumulation or quantity of water or carbon in a system

Question 4

2 processes that drive the global hydrological cycle

Answer 4

evaporation due to heat in the solar cycle
gravitational potential energy- the way gravity drives the movment of water

Question 5

Types of preceptitation- 1- orographic

Answer 5

common in the western parts of the uk

warmer moist air from the atlantic rises as it reaches the western upland it begins to cool aover high ground producing heavy rain over the west and north of the uk

Question 6

types of preceptitation2- convectional

Answer 6

typical in eastern and south eastern k in summer when it is hot rain is intense and causes thunder and lightning

Question 7

types of precipitation 3- frontal

Answer 7

low pressure areas form fronts (depressions) then when cold air from poles reaches warm air from south west warm air is forced over the cold air t create a warm or cold front

Question 8

global water budget- where is the fresh water

Answer 8

97% of global water is stored in oceans

only 2.5% are fresh water- 69% being stored in glaciers
1% in living things
30% is groundwater

Question 9

hydrology in polar regions

Answer 9

permafrost creates impermable surfaces
lakes and rivers freeze
rapid run off in spring
organic and frontal precipitation

Question 10

hydrology in tropical regions

Answer 10

dense vegettion consume 75%
deforestation limits evapotranspiration
high temps and humid

Question 11

itcz

Answer 11

earch consists of several hemispheres-
and different cells
hadley cells
polar cells
ferel cells

Question 12

factors effecting the volume of imputs into a drainage basin…

Answer 12

1. seasonality- change in weather depending on change in time of the year
2. varability- sudden or long term changes in the climate which could effct precipitation and therfore the drainage basin directly
   -secular variablity- long term climate events
   -periodic variability- short term annual events
   -stochastic variability- such as localistatio of thunderstorms

3.lattitude of the drainage basin the higher the lattutude the further from the equator and therefore the more snowfall and precipitation

Question 13

what is and how does interception effect rainfall

Answer 13

when the surface of or a plant or leaf catches rainfall changing its direction or storing it stopping it from reaching the groun. The level of interception can depend on the plant type

Question 14

what is infiltration-

Answer 14

the movment of water from the surface to the soil#

Question 15

factors effceting infiltration

Answer 15

• soil composition- sandy soil can infiltrate more than clay
• previous precipitation- more saturated soil which already has high stores of precipitation cannot infliltrate as much water leading tob more surface run off after long periods of rainfall
• type and amount of vegitation- plants with dense root growth will have maximum infiltrationa and plants with many leaves will stop water reaching ground reducing infiltration into soil
• relief of land- if land is sloped this will lead to more surface run off and less infiltration

Question 16

what is throughflow

Answer 16

when water foves through soil and ground and reaches and becomes a store in a river or lake. speed of low depends on soil eg sandy soil will be fatser than clay soil

Question 17

what is percolation

Answer 17

when water flows into fractures of rocks or into aquifers as it percolates from the ground into rocks

Question 18

what is groundwater

Answer 18

the gradual transfer of water through pourous rocks, this can often get trapped tp form aquifers and is a very slow process

Question 19

since drainage basin is an open system what are their 3 main outputs

Answer 19

• evaporation- this is the direct loss of water. it is more common on warm windy and dry days
  evaporation depends on-
  1. volume of water, more water evaporates quicker
  2. canopy cover anhything covering the soil will reduce evaporation
  3. colour of the surface- any dakrer surface means evaporation will happen faster

-transpiration- where water is lost to the atmosphere through the pores of plants but can be effected by the moisture and time of day

Question 20

what are the stores of water

Answer 20

water stored in soil- utilised by plants
groundwater- water that is stored in the pore spaces of rock
river channel- water stored in a river

Question 21

physical factors influencing a drainage basin

Answer 21

climate- influences amount of rainfall and vegetation growth
soil composition-influences rate of throughflow and infiltration
geology- effcets percolation
relief- steeper gradients of ground will encourage fater rates of run off

Question 22

human factors iinfluencing a drainage basin

Answer 22

deforestation- more deforestation means they is less vegetation and less infiltration
more overland flow leading to more flooding
more surface sun off

dams- reduce flow down stream- increasing river stores- more evaportation

urbanisation- less impermable surfaces less infiltration and increase surface run off

overabstraction- when peopole overabstract an aquifer eg- brazil build illegal wells as price of licence went up and water inecurity got worse

Question 23

what is a drainage basin

Answer 23

a local scale hydrological process. operated within areas

Question 24

water budget definition

Answer 24

the difference in imputs of water and outputs of water in any given area

Question 25

# Mini case study London aquifer overabstraction

Answer 25

during industrial revolution the ground water in london was depleted by overabstraction. groundwater levels had dropped below 88m below sea level creating a depression

Question 26

1 way of managing a drainage basin

Answer 26

plants on roofs- planting plants on roofs act as a temp store of water and encourage evapotranspiration preventing flooding and surafe run off

Question 27

1 way of managing a drainage basin

Answer 27

permable pavements- gaps wuthin pavements- this will increase percolation into ground and increase the ground water stores

Question 28

1 way of managing a drainage basin

Answer 28

rainwater harvesting- collecting rainwater and using it to water crops and agriculture eg-2023 hose pipe ban in the middle of the uk

Question 29

1 way of managing a drainage basin

Answer 29

creating wetlands that will act as natural sponges to water and absorb water

Question 30

how some human developments hav emore cons than pros for drainage basins

Answer 30

deforestation- humans deforest for land and increase soil erosing and surface run off also create more impermable surfaces reducing throug flow and evaporation rates also dams restrict river flow which can increase flood risk and has possiblilty to devistate small villages

Question 31

1st type of drought and its impacts

Answer 31

rainfall deficit- lack of precepitation - higher temps - strong winds - increased solar radiation impacts- -reduce in water available -loss of soil moisture- desertification -loss of crops

Question 32

2nd type of drought and its impacts

Answer 32

stream flow deficit- -reduces infiltration -reduced soil moisture -little percolation and soil moisture impacts- reduced river flows less water for urban suply poor water quality threats to wetlands and habitats

Question 33

3rd type of drought and its impacts

Answer 33

soil moisuture deficit -fall in evapotranspiration reduced biomass reduced groundwater stores impacts- poor yields falling irrigation livestock productivity falls

Question 34

4th type of drought and its inpacts

Answer 34

food deficit- loss of vegitation incresed wildfires deforestation impacts failure of agriculture food shoratges rural economy collapses

Question 35

cumbria case study

Answer 35

december 2015- storm desmond orographic rainfall due to a low pressure zone of depression over 60,000 homes left powerless

Question 36

4 soft engineering techniques to manage flooding-

Answer 36

- afforestation - planning permission refusal for river developments - flood plains - -restoring natural river channels

Question 37

el ninio is....

Answer 37

when water patterns reverse this leads to warmer water develops in eastern pacific. northern australia and indonesia experience high pressure leading to drier conditions and drought whereas places such as south america experience low pressure and flooding

Question 38

la nina is...

Answer 38

when normal patterns intensify. this means indonesia and australia experience mass rainfall and flooding whereas south america have a period of drought and high pressure

Question 39

what happens in a normal year of the enso cycle

Answer 39

australia experience rainfal and flooding due to low pressure however south america experience high pressure dry conditions

Question 40

enso is the..

Answer 40

cycle change between normal and el ninio years

Question 41

what is a wetland and what are their values

Answer 41

temp river stores in hyrdro cycle which can help mitigate floods with storm discharge. act as giant water stores trapping and recycling nutrients and pollutants which help to maintain quality of the river have high biological productivity and are diverse food webs values- stores of life nutrient recycling have value with economic fisheries and tourism through wildlife regular supply of groundwater and water purication have asthetic value and cultural heritage

Question 42

physical causes of deretifiction

Answer 42

1. reduced precipitation- protective layer will die as it will not have the nutrients to survive. This will cause soil to be more exposed to wind and rain which will increase soil erosion. Causing a positive feedback loop 2.rise in temps, increase evaporation, meaning less soil moisture which means less plant growth

Question 43

human cause of deretification

Answer 43

populatuon increase- increase in demand for food so farmers are deforesting more land for cattle grazing- impacts also using more pestciides and herbicides- impats on water quality overgrazing and soil erosion so less infiltration- lack of soil nutrients

Question 44

which areas are more suspectible to surpluses in the drainage basin (flooding)

Answer 44

low lying land and the base of a river valley- as land becomes saturated less can be absorbed and a build up of water occurs urbanised built environement- impermable surafces increase surface run off, increasing the risk of flash flooding small basins- suffer from flash flooding due to very short lag time

Question 45

3 mitigation factors reducing flood risk

Answer 45

1. afforestation- plantig trees in upland areas to increase interception and reduce surface run off 2.plan permission for flood plains- reducing economic and social loss of hosuing and property in flood risk areas alongside reducing deforetation and keeping plants to reduce surafce run off

Question 46

effects of climate hange on the hydrological cycle

Answer 46

risng sea temp could shorten time between enso effects and therefore periods of unusual weather patterns coukd occur in both australia nd south america more frequently rise in global temp will lead to evaporation rates increasing leading to a rise in global drought and water scarcity -less percepittaion -less water instores -high evaporation rates -reduced size of glacial mass

Question 47

reasons why demand for water has increased

Answer 47

-population increases in places such as china and inward migration -rise of middle class -economic boost

Question 48

reasons why supply for water cannot reach demand

Answer 48

-aquifers are being illegally dug and drained -ground water is being drained - soil cannt replenish quick enough

Question 49

what contributes physically to water insecurity-

Answer 49

1. amount of precepitation and rainfall 2. relief- more surface run off 3. geology- saturated or unsaturated ground

Question 50

3 water insecurity recovery ideas-

Answer 50

1. desalination in costal areas such as isreal which will provide the country with a reliable and sufficent supply of water However each plant needs its own power plant 2. water transfer project from south to noth of china. good as it prevents a large povery line between the 2 areas and can prevent conflictv however is expenisve and will distroy many villages can risk draining too much water from the south will boost economic development and reduce groundwater stores being over abstracted 3. dams- three gorges dam in china will stop flow downstream enables a water surplus and makes the transfer project more reliable expenive will destroy many local villages and 100s sqm of land can generate hep for country floods land

Question 51

what does the water povery index base upon

Answer 51

1. water resource- availabilty and quality 2. access to water 3. handling capacity 4. use 5. environmental indicator

Question 52

ways to manage water stress

Answer 52

- bath instead of shower - use rain water harvesting to water plants - gm crops which require less water - hose pipe bans - sprinklers- reduce waste