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tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

natural hazard

A

a naturally occuring event

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2
Q

natural disaster

A

a naturally occuring event that has potential to cause harm to people, environment and economy

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3
Q

vulnerability

A

ability to cope with resist and recover from a natural hazard

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4
Q

where are earhquakes found

A

all 3,
destructive
conservtive
constructive

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5
Q

where are volcanos found

A

destructive and constructive

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6
Q

plate tec theory 1

slab pull

A

new formed oceanic crust becomes denser and thicker, as it cools it sinks into mantle

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7
Q

plate tec theory 2

seafloor spreading

A

hot magma is forced up and hardens to form new crust and pushes tectonic plates apart

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8
Q

plate tec theory 3

convection currents

A

heat from the decay of radioactive elements in the core, heats lower mantle and forms convection currents

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9
Q

1st type of destructive plate margin

A

oceanic meets continental and denser oceanic plate is subducted

deep oceanic trenches mark where sinking occured
in an area called a benioff zone
eg-andes mts

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10
Q

2nd type of destructive plate margin

A

oceanic and oceanic
2 oceanic plates collide and denser one is subducted
form deep oceanic trenches and subduction plates
eg-indian ocean tsunami 2004

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11
Q

3rd type of destructive

A

continental meet continental
both same density so no subduction and a collision margin is formed
form fold mts like the himalayas

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12
Q

constructive plate margin

A

two plates move apart
form mid ocean ridges, rift valleys and new crust

mid ocean ridge- underwate rmts extend for over 60,000km
rift valleys-when continents move apart and rock breaks the gap between them are deep valleys

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13
Q

conservative plate margin

A

2 plates slide past eachother
a major break happens and this is called a fault
no crust being created or destroyed this is associated with powerful earthquakes

eg-san andreas fault

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14
Q

3 types of waves in an earthquake

A

p waves- straight up (least dangerous)
s waves- ripple up
l waves- ripple across surface (most dangerous)

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15
Q

how to meaure mag of quake

A

mms(moment mag scale)
meaure amount of energy released at epicentre

meaures the energy released by quake

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16
Q

meaure intensity of quaake

A

meaure using modified mercali scale and observe how much people noticed quake 1-10

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17
Q

epicentre

A

where it is is where most damage will be caused

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18
Q

focus

A

more shallow more damage

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19
Q

secondary hazards of quake

A

liquefaction- when rocks lose structure and vecome more liquid
landslides- shaking put pressure on slopes so they fall
tsunamis- when underwater quake generate a dispacement of water cauing large series of waves
aftershocks- small quakes, following main one, can cause weakened buildings to fall

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20
Q

impact of volcanic hazard

lava flow

A

streams of lava, reach up to 1170 degrees
and can take years to cool
not a threat to humans as run very slow and are preducted so people can get out of the way
destroy farmland and habitats

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21
Q

impact of volcanic hazard

pyroclastic flows

A

mix of dense hot rock and lava ejected from a volcano
move quick across earths surface
very hot
pollute cities contribute to climate change

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22
Q

ash flow

A

destructive as when ash lands it covers roads and causes poor visability
contain pieces of volcanic rock that blast into the air
air jet engines can get clammed up causing engine failure

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23
Q

jokulhlaups- glacial outburts floods

A

when heat from eruption melts a glacier causing flash floods

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24
Q

tsunami

A

series of more than one big waves caused by a displacement of water

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25
megadisaster
an unexpected natural or manmade cataostrephe of exceptional magnitude or causing severe damage
26
resiliance
ability to protect lives, livelihood and infrastructer from destruction and to restore areas after a natural hazard
27
# case study hati earthquake
20,000 deaths 12th jan 2010 hati is loacted on a fault lack of aid as airports roads and transport routes had all been destroyed over 1/4 gov buildings destroyed chlera otbreaks killed 9000 people responses- 13 billion of aid internationally 2015 new buildings and roads and schools built while health statistics improve new warning systems in action
28
par model
*root causes-* **limited acess** to resources and so reliant on other countries **political** corrupt gov, less mone spent on prep *dynamic pressure-* **lack of** evacuation routes drills and prep **macro forces **suvh as rapid pop change poorer housig poorer healthcare **unsafe conditions** poor road structure and buildings **disaster** such as mega disaster **hazard **such as earthquake
29
hazard profile
compares all charactoristics hazards share
30
social impacts that determin vunlerability
education health status age of population life expectancy healthcare tech
31
economic impacts that determin vunlerability
housing and infrastructer gdp and hdi emergancy housing money and aid
32
environmental impacts that determin vunlerability
contaminated water unstable soil increasing risk of liquifaction tapography- soft ground low lying costal areas landlocked areas- aid difficult
33
political impacts that determin vunlerability
gov- corrupt- spend mone on other things and not prep lics- low priority for govs evacuation drils eg japan good at
34
inequalities which effect natural hazard impact
inequality of housing healthcare education income opps
35
philippines case study colcanic eruption
800 people killed 650,000 jobs lost 1.2 million homes lost 2.predicted well but collided with a tsunami devistating communities 3.one of the most disaster prone countries in the world 4.one of the most at risk cities in the world 5.located on a major convergent plate boundary 6.has a growing population, 22 active volcanos 7.located on a major typhoon belt
36
typhoon haiyan
7500 people killed 9 mil people effected 1.9 mil people home lack of sanitation and spread of disease
37
case study china earthquake
7.9 mag good response medical services quickly restored scholl sfell killing children chinas gov bribed for builders to take shortcuts when building
38
what happens as water becomes shallow as the tsunami moves closer to land
tsunami wall rises and will slow down as it lsoes energy
39
case study japan 2011 tsunami
caused by a mag 9 quake over 28,000 dead went straight over an 18ft sea wall caused fukishima nuclear explosion as reactors 1-2-3 overheated and officers lost control so it exploded
40
recovery from japan 2011 tsunami and fukishima incident
famlies and homes around the plant where lost radiation showed in local milk and veg fukishima plant is being decomissioned but contaminated water and waste is not being stored properly it was reported that the radiation levels where not high enough to be classed as dangerous
41
Asia boxing day tsunami case study
1.7 mil left homeless 300,000 dead effected over 12 countries in sir lanka over 60% of fishing fleet was destroyed thiland tourism industry faced a loss oxfams work built over 1080 wells for water supply and households all individualy donated to raise nearly 400 mil
42
iceland volcano study 2010
no deaths 1000s of flights canceled due to ash flows which could damage jet engines crops destroyed and no injuries 700 people evacuated from disaster area x3 times area around volcano was evacuated red cross generated volunteers and health professionals
43
theoretical frameworks
word used by exam board for a model, that help us to predict things like relationships
44
# 1 theoretical framwork parks model
is a curve sjowing how quality of life is effected by each stage of a disaster from normality to distruption to recovery
45
# 2nd theoretical framwork hazard managment cycle
continuous cycle as they is 4 stages in the cycle which all overlap 1. mitigation-taking steps to reduce impact eg land use zoning 2. prep- facilitating resonse and recovery stage to deal with a hazardous event 3. response- coping with a disaster to meet the main aims to save lives and protect properly 4. recovery-actions take to cope with the aftermath of a disaster can be short or long term
46
prediction
is estimating when and where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal level
47
how we predict and earthquake
undeground siezmic activity
48
how we predict a volcano
small earthquakes and tilt meters and gas measurers on side of volcanos
49
how we predict a tsunami
tech detetcts tremmors to see if a quake will happen
50
# EXAM Q PLAN Asses the statement that "we are living in a more hazardous world"
more- pop increase and inward migration means more people located in one place in major cities less- prep and prediction such as par model and parks model-( use other countries parks models for ideas) education increase What is considered as a hazard more globalised world means a better recording system and communication easier
51
how predicton and forecasting is effective and ineffective
effective- encourage gov spending and action to be taken long term forecast make it easy to spot trends volcanic prediction- scientist try to improve prediction by tracking the flow of magma underground Ineffective- historical records of hazard are not representable short term forecasts are hard to spot trends currently it isnt possible to predict when quake will happen
52
method of modifying- event- vulnerability- loss-
... replanting coasts with mangroves for costal protection or engineering defences ...using education to change behavour or prediction so evacuation is apparent ...disaster air and insurance to cover cost of damage
53
modifying the losses
try to reduce impact or loss of a hazard
54
modifying event
ways of reducing hazard using science and engineering
55
modifying vunlerability
prep of population so they are less vunlerable
56
hazard mitigation strategies
- diverting lava flows - gis mapping( help to place evacuatio routes and rescue and aid enertry - hazard resistant buildings -land use zoning
57
hazard adaptation strategies
-high tech monitoring and early prediction -crisis mapping( most at risk and remote areas) -public education -community prep
58
hazard loss strategies
-aid (energancy, short and long term) -insurance
59
ngo role in a disaster
especially important when local gov is corrupt or unale to respond appropriatley incolved in all stages eg red cross and hati earthquake
60
community role in a disaster
community are first to respond to a disaster in isolated communities aid can take weeks to arrive so locals have to recover themselves
61
# EXAM Q PLAN assess the extent to which a country has been able to meet the pressures placed upon it as a major disaster
intro- pressure is the stress a country feels during all 4 stages of the managment cycle of a major disaster which has significant impacts. eg point- japan- drills, strict building regulations on other hand japan failed with infrastructer fukishima nuclar power plant exploded japan accepted aid from other countries and accepted aid from 20 other countries* however gov and press not clear
62

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