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Sociology A2 > GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: Theories, Poverty and Measures > Flashcards

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: Theories, Poverty and Measures Flashcards

1
Q

Development definition

A

The process by which societies change

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2
Q

Four methods used to measure Global Development

A
  • Economic Measures
  • Social Measures
  • Humanist Measures
  • Poverty Measures
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3
Q

Global Development definition

A

Often linked with human development and international efforts to reduce poverty and inequality. Improve health, education and job opportunities around the world.

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4
Q

What is usually used to measure Economic Measures?

A

GNI

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5
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income: total value of goods and services produced by a country in a financial year, divided by the population. Often given ‘per capita’.

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6
Q

What are some commonly used social measures?

A
  • Education
  • Health & Longevity
  • Democracy
  • Gender Equality
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7
Q

Education as a Social Measure

A
  • % of eligible children attending school

- Literacy (% that can read and write)

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8
Q

Health as a Social Measure

A
  • Child/Infant mortality
  • General mortality rate
  • Maternal mortality rate
  • Number of hospitals/staff per 1000 people
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9
Q

Democracy as a Social Measure

A
  • Are there free election?
  • Can everyone vote?
  • Can opposition parties speak freely and organise against government?
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10
Q

Gender Equality as a Social Measure?

A
  • M/F average years in education
  • M/F health and life expectancy
  • Equal access to pay, voting etc
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11
Q

What is the HDI?

A

Human Development Index: created by the UN. Combines three figures to produce a score.

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12
Q

Three measures in HDI

A
  • GNI per capita
  • Education: Years in education by 25. Expected years in state education
  • Health: Life expectancy in years and months 3
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13
Q

Three measure In the HDP

A
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
  • Gender Inequality Index (GII)
  • Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
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14
Q

What is the HDP?

A

Human Development Report: alternative to HDI focused on equality and reducing poverty rather than a country’s economic or statistical success

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15
Q

What is the MPI?

A

Multidimensional Poverty Index: Looks at more kinds of poverty e.g. education, living standards etc

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16
Q

What is the GII?

A

Gender Inequality Index: Measures female reproductive health, educational attainment, government representation, and employment

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17
Q

What is the IHDI?

A

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index: Total equality measure that is compared against the HDI. The bigger the difference the higher the score.

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18
Q

Three Worlds poverty definition

A
  • between 1948-1989
  • First world: industrialised, capitalist countries
  • Second World: Industrialised, Communist countries
  • Third World: Everyone else
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19
Q

North & South poverty definition

A
  • Common in 1970s-1990s

- Northern hemisphere countries tended to be more rich/developed countries

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20
Q

Majority/Minority poverty definition

A
  • Common from 2000s
  • Attempt to respect other cultures in definitions
  • Majority are ‘third world’, minority are ‘developed’
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21
Q

Developed & Underdeveloped poverty definition

A
  • 2000s-current
  • Implies that some countries have ‘missed out’ on development.
  • Focus on exploitation
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22
Q

Economic Development poverty definition

A
  • 2000s-current
  • MEDC: More Economically Developed Country
  • LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country
  • LLEDC: Least Economically Developed Country
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23
Q

Bottom Billion poverty definition

A
  • 2007-current
  • Says most are developed or developing well
  • Need to focus on those who are still in the ‘bottom billion’
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24
Q

What are MDGs?

A

Millenium development goals: set by the UN as a target for the world to achieve by the end of 2015.

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25
Q

What are the 8 MDGs?

A
  • Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
  • Achieve Universal Primary Education
  • Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women
  • To Reduce Child Mortality
  • Improve Maternal Health
  • To Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria & Other Diseases
  • To Ensure Environmental Sustainability
  • Develop Global Partnership for Development
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26
Q

What are SDGs?

A

Sustainable Development Goals: set by the UN in 2015 to change the focus to improve the somewhat successful MDGs

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27
Q

What are the 17 SDGs?

A
  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Clean water & sanitation
  • Good health & wellbeing
  • Quality Education
  • Gender Equality
  • Affordable & Clean energy
  • Decent work & economic growth
  • Industry, innovation and infrastructure
  • Reduced inequalities
  • Sustainable cities and communities
  • Climate Action
  • Responsible consumption and production
  • Life below water
  • Life on land
  • Partnerships
  • Peace, justice and strong institutions
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28
Q

Modernisation Theory

A

A Functionalist, Cold War theory developed by the Capitalist nations in the 60s. Does not separate development and capitalism

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29
Q

What is the Marshall Plan?

A

(1947)
First big application of Modernisation Theory
It ensured a captive market for US goods and services. Most European manufacturing was destroyed in the War so the European countries bought US goods with US loans. Created dependency.

30
Q

What year was the Marshall Plan theorised?

A

1960

31
Q

What is the Rostow Model?

A
  • Linked to Modernisation
  • Staircase model
  • Describes how Capitalism helps countries develop
  • Subtitled an ‘Anti Communist Manifesto’
32
Q

Who was Rostow?

A

An economist working for the US government. Intended to draw European countries towards the Capitalist side of the Cold War.

33
Q

Who theorised the Barriers to Development?

A

Talcott Parsons

34
Q

What are Parson’s Barriers to Development?

A
  1. Traditional values and attitudes
  2. Lacking a meritocratic drive
  3. High Birth Rates
  4. Lack of individual desire to compete
  5. Lack of modern technology
35
Q

How has modernisation through Technology happened?

A

traditional equipment > scientific machinery

36
Q

How has modernisation through Agriculture happened?

A

subsistence farming > commercial mass production

37
Q

How has modernisation through Industry happened?

A

humans/animals > machines

38
Q

How has modernisation through Geography happened?

A

farm/village > town/city

39
Q

How has modernisation through Politics happened?

A

ascribed status > liberal democracy

40
Q

How has modernisation through Society & Culture happened?

A

kinship groups > nuclear families

41
Q

What did Hoselitz believe?

A

People had to accept new patterns of work. Western ideas could be spread through mass media and education. Cities act as a centre and spread to rural areas. Pattern of Empire Building.

42
Q

What year was Hoselitz theory?

A

1952

43
Q

What year was the Rostow Model created?

A

1960

44
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Response to Modernisation. 1970s.Influenced by socialist ideology, Marxist ideology and Radical theory. Focused on external factors that impede development and considered development from the perspective of LEDCs and LLEDCs.

45
Q

What is Frank’s Theory?

A
  • HIghlighted exploitation that was encouraged by modernisation
  • It’s in the interest of rich countries to keep poor countries underdeveloped.
  • Preventing development means we can extract material and cheap labour from poor countries while also selling them our technology and expertise
46
Q

What year did Frank theorise Underdevelopment?

A

1969

47
Q

Neocolonialism

A

Taking charge of other countries with investment or aid and exploiting their population/natural resources.

48
Q

Colonialism

A

Taking charge of countries with an army and exploiting their population.

49
Q

What is Metropolis vs Satellite?

A

Rich countries keep poor countries poor. Development od the metropolis exploits the satellite. Western nations buy off of a small elite in underdeveloped countries.

50
Q

World Systems Theory

A

Marxist theory. Describes the world as a single unified capitalist system. System is more dynamic and countries can move up or down the hierarchy.

51
Q

What are the six stages of the Marxist Stage Theory?

A
  1. Primitive Communism
  2. Imperialism
  3. Feudalism
  4. Capitalism
  5. Socialism
  6. Communism
52
Q

Primitive Communism stage

A

Hunter gathering. Working together in order to survive. No private properties and no classes. Most successful hunter gatherers gained power and control over others.

53
Q

Imperialism stage

A

Strong man ruled. He owned land and granted it for military services. Land owning aristocracy.

54
Q

Feudalism stage

A

Land owned by aristocracy that exploited working peasantry. Surplus of food which aristocracy sold to others. Class of merchants and capitalists who shared political power.

55
Q

Capitalism stage

A

Bourgeoisie obtained political power and exploited proletariat. Proletariat become politically aware and rise up to overthrow.

56
Q

Socialism stage

A

Dictatorship of proletariat re-distributing food, goods and services fairly according to need. Equality superior to private ownership.

57
Q

Communism stage

A

Everyone joined together for the common good. Money and government no longer needed, and society is classless.

58
Q

Who’s the main thinker for World Systems Theory?

A

Wallerstein

59
Q

Strengths of WST

A

Inclusion of semi-periphery as it’s often neglected but is a key transitory phase

60
Q

Weakness of WST

A

Neglects internal factors affecting periphery countries

61
Q

Strength of Dependency theory

A

Gives a plausible explanation as to why wealthy countries are taking advantage of poor countries

62
Q

Weakness of Dependency theory

A

Neoliberalists argue it is mainly internal factors, like corruption, responsible for underdevelopment, not exploitation

63
Q

Strength of Modernisation theory

A

Describes a process common to the development of many different societies

64
Q

Weakness of Modernisation theory

A

Ethnocentric approach and describes the only route to development as to follow the example of the USA.

65
Q

Theory Impasse

A

No consensus among sociologists

66
Q

Reasons for Theory Impasse

A
  • Development theories failed
  • Postmodernists appeared
  • Globalisation posed issues for existing theories
  • Environmentalism
67
Q

Failure of development theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

1980s known as the lost decade due to series of financial crashes and social problems. Couldn’t explain ‘Asian Tigers’ (Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong)

68
Q

Postmodernist appearance as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

Called all development theories ‘ethnocentric’ and introduced the term ‘post development’. Wanted to look beyond capitalist development and count other types.

69
Q

Globalisation posing issues for existing theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

As state lines became blurred and lost meaning, some argued old theories were out of date.

70
Q

Environmentalism as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

Not everyone agreed development was sustainable or desirable, if it damaged the planet

Sociology A2 (24 decks)

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