GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: theories

Question 1

Modernisation Theory

Answer 1

A Functionalist, Cold War theory developed by the Capitalist nations in the 60s. Does not separate development and capitalism

Question 2

What is the Marshall Plan?

Answer 2

(1947)
First big application of Modernisation Theory
It ensured a captive market for US goods and services. Most European manufacturing was destroyed in the War so the European countries bought US goods with US loans. Created dependency.

Question 3

What is the Rostow Model?

Answer 3

• Linked to Modernisation
• Staircase model
• Describes how Capitalism helps countries develop
• Subtitled an ‘Anti Communist Manifesto’

Question 4

Who was Rostow?

Answer 4

An economist working for the US government. Intended to draw European countries towards the Capitalist side of the Cold War.

Question 5

Who theorised the Barriers to Development?

Answer 5

Talcott Parsons

Question 6

What are Parson’s Barriers to Development?

Answer 6

1. Traditional values and attitudes
2. Lacking a meritocratic drive
3. High Birth Rates
4. Lack of individual desire to compete
5. Lack of modern technology

Question 7

How has modernisation through Technology happened?

Answer 7

traditional equipment > scientific machinery

Question 8

How has modernisation through Agriculture happened?

Answer 8

subsistence farming > commercial mass production

Question 9

How has modernisation through Industry happened?

Answer 9

humans/animals > machines

Question 10

How has modernisation through Geography happened?

Answer 10

farm/village > town/city

Question 11

How has modernisation through Politics happened?

Answer 11

ascribed status > liberal democracy

Question 12

How has modernisation through Society & Culture happened?

Answer 12

kinship groups > nuclear families

Question 13

What did Hoselitz believe?

Answer 13

People had to accept new patterns of work. Western ideas could be spread through mass media and education. Cities act as a centre and spread to rural areas. Pattern of Empire Building.

Question 14

What year was Hoselitz theory?

Answer 14

1952

Question 15

What year was the Rostow Model created?

Answer 15

1960

Question 16

Dependency Theory

Answer 16

Response to Modernisation. 1970s.Influenced by socialist ideology, Marxist ideology and Radical theory. Focused on external factors that impede development and considered development from the perspective of LEDCs and LLEDCs.

Question 17

What is Frank’s Theory?

Answer 17

• HIghlighted exploitation that was encouraged by modernisation
• It’s in the interest of rich countries to keep poor countries underdeveloped.
• Preventing development means we can extract material and cheap labour from poor countries while also selling them our technology and expertise

Question 18

What year did Frank theorise Underdevelopment?

Answer 18

1969

Question 19

Neocolonialism

Answer 19

Taking charge of other countries with investment or aid and exploiting their population/natural resources.

Question 20

Colonialism

Answer 20

Taking charge of countries with an army and exploiting their population.

Question 21

What is Metropolis vs Satellite?

Answer 21

Rich countries keep poor countries poor. Development od the metropolis exploits the satellite. Western nations buy off of a small elite in underdeveloped countries.

Question 22

World Systems Theory

Answer 22

Marxist theory. Describes the world as a single unified capitalist system. System is more dynamic and countries can move up or down the hierarchy.

Question 23

What are the six stages of the Marxist Stage Theory?

Answer 23

1. Primitive Communism
2. Imperialism
3. Feudalism
4. Capitalism
5. Socialism
6. Communism

Question 24

Primitive Communism stage

Answer 24

Hunter gathering. Working together in order to survive. No private properties and no classes. Most successful hunter gatherers gained power and control over others.

Question 25

Imperialism Stage

Answer 25

Strong man ruled. He owned land and granted it for military services. Land owning aristocracy.

Question 26

Feudalism Stage

Answer 26

Land owned by aristocracy that exploited working peasantry. Surplus of food which aristocracy sold to others. Class of merchants and capitalists who shared political power.

Question 27

Capitalism stage

Answer 27

Bourgeoisie obtained political power and exploited proletariat. Proletariat become politically aware and rise up to overthrow.

Question 28

Socialism stage

Answer 28

Dictatorship of proletariat re-distributing food, goods and services fairly according to need. Equality superior to private ownership.

Question 29

Communism Stage

Answer 29

Everyone joined together for the common good. Money and government no longer needed, and society is classless.

Question 30

Who's the main thinker for World Systems Theory?

Answer 30

Wallerstein

Question 31

Strengths of WST

Answer 31

Inclusion of semi-periphery as it's often neglected but is a key transitory phase

Question 32

Weakness of WST

Answer 32

Neglects internal factors affecting periphery countries

Question 33

Weakness of Dependency theory

Answer 33

Neoliberalists argue it is mainly internal factors, like corruption, responsible for underdevelopment, not exploitation

Question 34

Strength of Dependency theory

Answer 34

Gives a plausible explanation as to why wealthy countries are taking advantage of poor countries

Question 35

Strength of Modernisation theory

Answer 35

Describes a process common to the development of many different societies

Question 36

Weakness of Modernisation theory

Answer 36

Ethnocentric approach and describes the only route to development as to follow the example of the USA.

Question 37

Theory Impasse

Answer 37

No consensus among sociologists

Question 38

Reasons for Theory Impasse

Answer 38

- Development theories failed - Postmodernists appeared - Globalisation posed issues for existing theories - Environmentalism

Question 39

Failure of development theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

Answer 39

1980s known as the lost decade due to series of financial crashes and social problems. Couldn't explain 'Asian Tigers' (Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong)

Question 40

Postmodernist appearance as an explanation for Theory Impasse

Answer 40

Called all development theories 'ethnocentric' and introduced the term 'post development'. Wanted to look beyond capitalist development and count other types.

Question 41

Globalisation posing issues for existing theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

Answer 41

As state lines became blurred and lost meaning, some argued old theories were out of date.

Question 42

Environmentalism as an explanation for Theory Impasse

Answer 42

Not everyone agreed development was sustainable or desirable, if it damaged the planet