Global Finals Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Filial Piety
A
respect is shown for one’s elders
2
Q
Oligarchy
A
A form of government in which a small group of people have power and control
3
Q
Monotheistic
A
The belief in 1 god
4
Q
Absolute location
A
Describes a position using the latitude and longitude lines that mapmakers have drawn on earth
5
Q
Nomad
A
A person who moves around to search for food
6
Q
Socrates
A
Ancient Greek philosopher
7
Q
Abraham
A
Significant individual for Judaism: migrated from the Fertile Crescent to Canaan
8
Q
Ashoka
A
Mauryan ruler who united a diverse India and brought peace and prosperity
9
Q
Jesus
A
Founder of Christianity
10
Q
Muhammad
A
Founder of Islam
11
Q
Bantu
A
African tribe that spread their culture and agricultural practices from east Africa to Southwest Africa
12
Q
Hammurabi
A
Known for his set of laws; Babylonian king
13
Q
Alexander the Great
A
Conqueror who blended Greek Persian Egyptian and Indian culture into Hellenistic culture
14
Q
Buddha
A
Founder of Buddhism
15
Q
Confucius
A
Chinese philosopher who identified 5 key relationships with corresponding duty and responsibility
16
Q
Relative location
A
Description of position based on other locations
17
Q
Polytheistic
A
Belief in many gods
18
Q
Cultural diffusion
A
the exchange of customs and beliefs between two groups
19
Q
Mandate of Heaven
A
A divine right to the rule of Chinese dynasties
20
Q
Fertile Crescent
A
A crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
21
Q
Neolithic Revolution
A
The development of farming and domestication of animals that changed the way people lived
22
Q
Civilization
A
The development of advanced institutions record keeping job specialization advanced technology and advanced towns and cities
23
Q
Silk road
A
A trade route that linked China and the middle East
24
Q
compare and contrast Paleolithic Era &Neolithic Era
A
P: N:
-people hunted and - farming & domestication
gathered for food of animals
-nomadic; -Sedimentary; lived in
small transportable huts permanent dwellings
-lived in small groups -greater population;
ranging from 25-50 people 5,000-8,000 people
25
5 characteristics of a civilization
```
Advanced towns and cities
Record keeping
Job specialization
Advanced technology
Advanced institutions
```
26
What were the 4 early River civilizations explain one innovation for each
Mesopotamia: developed cuneiform (first known writing
which was later used to create our alphabet)
Indus River Valley: developed sophisticated cities with grid
systems and drainage system
Ancient Egypt: developed a social class hierarchy &
Shaduf (devices to transport water)
Ancient China: used oracle bones to predict the future
impacted Chinas future language
27
How did the Silk Roads affect civilizations connected by them?
-Buddhism spread along the silk road as well as Islam,
Buddhism even became China's main religion
-new goods, ideas & inventions were introduced/spread
like gunpowder, the compass, silk, Roman Glass
28
Geographic and historical context for the founding of the classical civilizations in India
- Located by the 2 rivers, Ganges River and Indus River. which allowed for fertile land (good farming),easy trade and transportation
- Himalayan mountains created protection
- centralized and strong military
29
How did the Mauryan Empire use their belief systems and philosophical ideas to gain, consolidate, and maintain power?
gained: spreading Buddhism
maintained: rejecting the caste system so people could have social mobility
consolidated: rock and pillar edicts
30
What led to the Gupta Golden age? How did the Gupta's golden age impact India other regions, and late periods in history?
strong military Alliances & Aggressive expansion policy
- made many advances... like in Math, such as creating trigonometry, negative #s, and decimal points which we still use to this day
- Iron tools which improved military (this lead to be one factor that allowed the Spanish to conquer the Inca Empire)
31
What was the geographic and historical context for the rise of classical civilizations in China?
- Himalayas created protection
- Yellow & Yangtze rivers created fertile land, allowed for irrigation, good ag., transportation, & trade
- centralized gov, access to silk roads (created stable gov), civil service exams
32
Did Shi Haungdi improve China? Why?
No, because...
- he wasted resources by building many things that would not benefit his people, and would only satisfy him
- Instituted legalism & he treated his people badly: legalism was very strict + harsh which made his people very unhappy & suffer. He also caused the death of many when building the great wall of China & buried his workers alive after they built the Terracotta Army for him
- used slave labor
- created a corrupt gov (nobody had freedom of speech)
- destroyed education by burning books
33
What led to the Golden age of Athens ad the Roman golden age Pax Romana? How did both Golden Ages impact their respective regions, other regions, and later periods in history?
- Athens had great leadership from Pericles and created the Delian League
- Rome had great leadership from Agustus
- Athens made many advancements such as the ones in mathematics which had an impact on our understanding of sci. & it helped w/ record keeping and organization. The patagium therum was developed which we still use to this day
- Rome also made new advances esp in architecture. Made the Colosseum wich allowed larger amounts of people to view events, it also inspired stadiums that we now use to watch sports like Foot Ball
34
What led to the Han Golden Age? How did the Han Golden Age Impact China, other regions, and later periods in history?
- civil service exams, stable gov, silk roads
| - advancements such as paper, the compass & gunpowder were made and spread to other places
35
What was the geographic and historical context for the rise of the classical civilizations in Greece & Rome?
both located by Med. Sea which made for great trade & ag. They both also had very strong militaries and won lots of the war
- Greece was also surrounded by water on 3 sides which made it perfect for trade, they defeated the Persians, and has Pericles' great rule
- Romans had flat plains which made for easier trade & the unification of the Italian peninsula much easier. Agustus' rule, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars
36
What was the Mediterranean sea complex? How did the Mediterranean sea complex affect the civilizations connected by it?
trade routes located in the Med. sea that connected East Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
Affected civilizations around it by increasing trade, cultural diffusion, grew in wealth and slave trade.
37
How did Rome gain, maintain, and consolidate power?
Gained: war/conquest & trade (esp. gaining control of Sicily)
consolidated: monarchy and road systems
maintained: crushing rebellions, strong military
38
which statement most likely represents the view of a citizen of ancient Athens visiting Sparta?
"the gov. & society in Sparta are so strict. The people have little voice in the gov"
39
Carthage
A northern African city that fought three wars against rome
40
Fuedalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty military service and protection of the people who live on the land.
41
Pilgrimage
A religious journey to a holy place
42
Osman
Established the Ottoman Empire
43
Kublai Khan
Established the Mongol Empire
44
Sulieman the magnificent
Ruler of the Ottoman empire at its height he established a set of law codes that brought order and stability to his empire
45
Ghenghis Khan
Leader of the mongols at the height of the empire
46
Pope Urban 2
he asked the leader of the Byzantine empire for help and to call for the first crusade
47
Justinian
Autocratic leader of the Byzantine Empire at its height with his wife Theodora. He established a strict law code
48
Zheng He
Chinese explorer, he explored throughout the Indian ocean basin and brought knowledge and goods back to China
49
Ibn Battuta
Traveled to Africa and Asia. He spread ideas of Islam along his travels
50
Mansa Musa
Leader of the Mali at its height. His Hajj caused places to have severe inflation
51
Jinyiwei
The imperial military secret police that served the emperors of the Ming Dynasty
52
Schism
A split caused by differing beliefs
53
Social Mobility
The degree to which in a given society and individuals families or groups social status can change through the course of their lifetime through a system of social hierarchy or stratification
54
Holy land
The area in the Middle East between the Jordan river and Mediterranean sea where holy sites important to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are located
55
Millet
An Ottoman Turkish term for a legally protected religious minority.
56
Kublai Khan
Established the Mongol empire
57
Osman
Ruler of the Ottoman Empire at its height, established a set of law codes that brought order and stability to his empire.
58
Justinian
Autocratic leader of the Byzantine Empire at its height with his wife Theodora, established a strict law code
59
Ibn Battuta
Traveled Africa and Asia, spread the ideas of Islam along his travels
60
Civil service Exam
Exam that must be taken in order to qualify to be a government official. Poetry was a key part of the exam during the Tang and Song dynasties.
61
Janissary
A member of the elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire
62
Caliphate
A state under the leadership of a caliph
63
Secular
Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual manners
64
Plague
A contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever nad insanity
65
Manorialism
Political and economic system defined by the relationship between landowners and land workers
66
Middle Ages
Time period from 476 to 1450 in western Europe
67
Sultan
An Ottoman leader
68
How did the fall of Rome impact Eastern and Western Europe
Eastern Europe became unified became the Byzantine Empire broke off from the Roman Catholic Church and developed the Eastern Orthodox church. became centralized
W Europe became medieval Europe and became decentralized
69
Heretic
A person believing or practicing a religion or aspect of a religion that is different than the accepted belief or practice.
70
Renaissance man
A well-rounded person that is accomplished in all fields. The person is a well-educated humanist, an artist, scientist, inventor, musician, and has the impressive physical ability
71
Scientific revolution
From the 1500s-1700s scholars started to question their beliefs about the world and based their conclusions on observation and reason rather than spiritual belief or what organizations like the Catholic Church told them
72
Indulgence
A piece of paper issued by the Catholic Church that forgave sins
73
Raphael
Renaissance painter, painted the school of Athens painting
74
Leonardo da Vinci
The renaissance man, he created paintings such as the Mona Lisa and drew new inventions
75
Galileo Galilei
Constructed a telescope and supported the Copernican theory of a sun-centered solar system
76
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
77
Machiavelli
Political leader and philosopher of the renaissance era believed a leader should be feared rather than loved
78
Peter the Great
Absolute ruler of Russia, modernized and westernized his nation
79
John Calvin
One of the leaders of the Protestant reformation, believed in predestination
80
Incan civilization
Civilization in South America from 1438-1533
81
Mayan civilization
Civilization in Mesoamerica from 250-950
82
King Louis XIV
Leader of France built the palace of Versailles
83
Isaac Newton
Discovered the 3 laws of motion
84
Martin Luther
Led the Protestant Reformation by writing his 95 theses
85
Protestant Reformation
16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural revolution that sought to change or remake the Catholic Church
86
Terrace farming
Farming techniques used by the Inca
87
Humanism
Intellectual movement that emphasized the study of subjects known as the liberal arts including grammar, logic, poetry, philosophy and history.
88
Animism
A belief that natural objects like animals, plant, and rivers have spirits
89
Chinampas
Floating gardens created by the Aztecs
90
Counter-reformation
Response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church’s attempt to gain back power
91
Griot
An African storyteller in early African kingdoms and city-states
92
Aztec civilization
Civilization in Mesoamerica from 1428-1521
93
Renaissance
Cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars were inspired by classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans
94
Divine right
The belief that an absolute monarch’s authority to rule cake directly from God
95
City-state
A city and the land surrounding it that is independently ruled
96
Heliocentric
Sun-centered
97
Absolute monarchy
System of government where one person has absolute control
98
Tribute
Payment made by one state or ruler to another showing it’s dependence on the more powerful state
99
What were feudalism and manorialism? Why did they develop in Western Europe? What effects did they have on the people in western Europe?
- Feudalism when nobles were given use of land that belonged to their king in exchange for loyalty and military service
- Manorialism was when nobles had manors managed by peasants in exchange for food and protection
- developed here because after the fall of Rome it became decentralized
- created order and stability, gave peasants very little power
100
Was the Catholic church powerful in medieval Europe? Why?
Yes
- decided who was king + controlled king
- Owned 1/3 of all Europe's land
- controlled education
- controlled military...
101
What were the Trans Saharan trade routes? What innovations made trade in the Trans Saharan trade routes easier faster and safer?
A group of trade routes across the Sahara desert that connected Africa to Asia and Europe. Using camels to carry goods made the trade routes faster safer and easier because you didn't have to stop for water as frequently they could carry many goods and didn't have to venture off the trade routes and risk dying
102
Were the Mongols civilized or uncivilized?
No,
- they increased trade
- were religiously tolerant
- had advanced military and transportation tech
- unified & increased wealth w/in their community
103
What were the Crusades?
A series of wars between Muslims and Christians to win control of the holy land.
104
What was the Justinian Code and the implications for the structure of the Byzantine Empire?
Strict set of laws (legal code) made by Justinian and his wife Theodora which were inspired by Hammurabi law codes.
established a reward and punish system. kept citizens under control, created order, also enforced a strict social hierarchy
105
compare and contrast the achievements and innovations of the Tang and Song dynasties with Abbasid Caliphate.
Abbasid: translated many texts into Arabi, made innovations in med, established # system...
Tang and Song: the printing press, gunpowder, compass
106
Hos did Isam spread
trans-Saharan trade, The hajj, Mansa Musa, Ibn Battuta...
107
What was the relationship within and between Muslim and Christian states in the 11th century how did this conflict lead to the crusades?
The relationship was tense because both sides were attacking each other already and They had . bad relationship which led to the crusades.
this also led both sides to want control of the Holy Land.
108
What happened when Christian crusaders entered Jerusalem during the first Crusades?
The Christians destroyed the Muslim population and took control of the Holy land
109
What were the effects of the Crusades?
- millions died
- homes & towns were destroyed
- debt due to war
- long term rifts/distrust between Muslims and Christians
- expanded trade & increased cultural diffusion
110
What was the geographic context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire
surrounded the med sea = good trade
good Leadership
grew due to conquest, military advancments, and exploration of their territory. they later conquered constantinople
111
what was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire
they were very diverse
| 3 major religions/ethnic groups Muslim, Christian, and Jewish
112
How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suliman the Magnificent gain,consolidate, and maintain power?
legal codes, created schools, protection against corrupt gov. (this all brought him the support of the people)
113
what did primary sources reveal about how outsiders viewed the OTTomans?
they viewed their military and social Hierarchy (social mobility) was superior to Europe's
114
What was the geographic context for the founding of the Min Dynasty
china sea + yellow sea= good trade
| The Mongol Empire had become corrupt therefore there was an uprising which led to the creation of the Ming Dynasty
115
How did the Min Dynasty , as led by Suliman the Magnificent gain,consolidate, and maintain power?
gain: conquest
maintain: jinwei, law codes
consolidate: expandig great wall of china
116
what impact did neo-Confucianism have onMing and Qing China
C: reinforced 5 relationships, filial piety
B: the idea to reach nirvana/ fulfill one's duty
D: be in tune w/ nature
117
who was zheg he? what impact did his travels have on china?
explorer from chines who was sent by the emperor to venture out and collect taxes from distant lands along with demonstrating the power of the Chinese empire
- brought back exotic animals
- created diplomatic relationships with places in india
- after his death all evidence f his fleets were destroyed and China became isolated as a way of going back to its traditional ways
118
what and when was the early modern period?
1400-1800
golden ages of western Europe and Russia
included the cultural movements... Renaissance, Sci. Revolution, Rise of absolute Monarchs, Protesand and counter reformations
119
why did the Renaissance start in italy in the 14th century?
increase trade w/ Ottoman Empire because of Crusades and MErchants gained wealth
120
what where the characteristics of the Renaissance
- humanism
- greek &/or Roman influence
- emphasis on the individual
- celebration of secular achievements
121
Why and how did the Renaissance spread outside of Italy
1) spread of wealth through trade
| 2) invention of printing press
122
What caused the Counter Reformation? How did the counter reformation affect Europe?
1) Renaissance: humanism--questioned Church authority; faith in human reason.
2) strong monarchs: resented the power of the church and began to support reforms
3) Church abuses; they didn't like that the Church was selling indulgences/the Church was becoming secular
123
What was the scientific revolution? How did people in medieval Europe and scholars in the scientific revolution view the World and truth differently?
A period of time when people began to question their beliefs about the world and based their conclusions on observation and reason, rather than religious beliefs like before
124
What ideas influenced the scientific revolution? Where did they come from?
Greek, Roman, and Muslim scholars
E.g. Necolaus Copernicus' Heliocentric models was based off of the studies of an Arab scientist who had examined and criticized Greek and Roman texts
125
What discoveries were made during the Scientific Revolution? What effects have they had?
- three laws of motion; explained and encouraged others to explain the movement of objects of Earth; led to the discovery of gravity; also led to the design of complex machines that have fueled innovation in the present.
- classification of species: enabled later scientists to see the relationship between anatomies and also led to the theory of evolution; discovery of new, more complex elements: led our modern day periodic table and allowed for people to create new substances (like plastic and nuclear weapons)
126
What is absolutism? How did absolute monarchs gain, consolidate and maintain power?
Absolute monarchy: form of gov. where one person has absolute control
Gain: passed down through bloodline; divine right
Maintain: law codes
Consolidate: controlling the rest of the government
127
Identify on absolute monarch and describe their achievements.
Catherine the Great: the longest time in office of a female; expanded the Russian Empire
128
How did Islam influence the growth of trade networks and power relations in the SOnghai Empire and in East Africa city states? How did these empires and states consolidate power?
Trade routes helped spread Islam.
Pilgramage to Meca increased trade in the Songhai Empire (when they converted to Islam it also increased trading opportunities with other Islamic territories)
129
How did theseSOnghai Empire and in East Africa city states consolidate power?
regional military, expansion, the hajj, settung diffrent fov. departments, trade, religious freedome
130
hw do we know what we know about eary African kingdoms and city-states
Griots told and passed down history through poems, stories/legends
131
where where the Songhai Empire and East African City states located
songhai: west africa
| city states: east coast of africa
132
how did africa city states interact with neighboring people
often converted to Christianity or a blend between Christianity animism in order to better trade relationships with Europeans
-traded good, ideads, and customs
133
How did the Inca thrive despite their geography
- terrace farming
| - became self sufficent
134
How did the Inca gain, maintain, and consolidate power?
gain: conquest
consolodate: road system
maintain: Quipu, Inca Hiearchy, Mita System, Religion
135
How did the Aztec thrive despite their geography
- made pillingsto hold the foundation of their buildings since the ground wasnt completely solid
- built chinampas (floating islands to farm)
136
How did the Aztec gain, maintain, and consolidate power?
gain: conquest, taxes
consolidate: military loyalty from places they conquered, strengthening military by requiring all young men to join
consolidate human sacrifices to the gods
137
Why did the Europeans want to explore the world in the late 1400s
1) Interest in Asia, they heard of goods and riches
2) Ottomans controlled trade routes, this made it more difficult and more expensive for Europe to trade with Asia (because goods had already been bought and sold many times before) They wanted to discover new trade routes
3) Catholic Religious Zeal: wanted to spread the religion of Christianity to new places
4) mercantilism & the pursuit of wealth : looking for gold and other goods to sell
138
How did transoceanic trade routes impact trade networks in the Eastern Hemisphere
Portugal began trading using the oceans rather than via land because the Ottomans controlled the land path to Asia, therefore, it was much slower and expensive
139
Hw did new tech advances impact European exploration and transoceanic trade routes
Porotlani- mapped out coastline
gunpowder- made it easier to conquer the places they discovered
caravel: faster & more areas were able to to be reached
compass: made travel more efficient and prevented people from getting lost
astrolabel: allowed to see the latitude and determine how far you have traveled
140
how did shifts in global trade networks affect the strength and power of the Ottoman Empire
it brought them wealth since they were able to control Constantinople which was a major trade center because of this they also were able to expand through trade
141
Why where the Spanish able to conquer Aztec and Inca ?
- smallpox and other diseases killed 95% of the native American pop
- they had advanced weapons such as guns and steel swords that the Inca's did not
- the Inca's were already in a small civil war
142
what was the impact of the columvian exchange on the old and new world
- new goods and food spread across the worls
- more food supply, therefore increase in pop in old worls
- new diseases spread to Americas
- increased slavery
- introduction of new species hurt the ecosystem
- Native America pop decreased
