Global Health: Non-infectious disease (CVD) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Global Health: Non-infectious disease (CVD) Deck (26)
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1
Q

What three factors make up epidemiological transition?

A

Time, person and place

2
Q

Why is cardiovascular disease prevalence increasing?

A

Smoking and diet

3
Q

Why might their be reduced infectious disease prevalence?

A

Better hygiene

4
Q

What is one characteristic that can influence CHD?

A

Age, sex (lower in women), ethnicity (higher in afro-caribbean by 2000)

5
Q

How is CVD distributed globally?

A

In America 1/3 of deaths due to CVD, in Africa it was 10% and Europe it was 60% (2010)

6
Q

How can we determine whether CVD is due to genetics or environmental influence?

A

A suitable trial for this would to be to study migrants with the same ancestry/ethnic background

7
Q

What are the established risk factors for CHD?

A

blood cholesterol, high BP, smoking, body weight and reduced physical activity

8
Q

Why does blood pressure increase risk in ‘gradiential way’?

A

For every unit increase in blood pressure/ cholesterol level, the level of CHD increases

9
Q

Describe the global trend in CVD

A

Deaths from CVD are predicted to be relatively stable in high income countries from 2004-2030, but these rates are predicted to increase for middle and low-income countries (the same trend follows cancer)

10
Q

After what age does the number of deaths from CVD usually decrease and why

A

80 because most people die after this age

11
Q

Which ethnicity has higher CVD rates?

A

Afro-caribbeans

12
Q

How common is river blindness?

A

Not very common, going towards elimination (?)

13
Q

Which 2 drugs are used to treat helminth infections?

A

Albendazole and Mebendazole

14
Q

What drug is used to treat onto and LF?

A

Mectizan

15
Q

Roughly how many deaths caused by schistosomiasis in Africa and how many infected individuals?

A

250 000 deaths and 250 million infected (?)

16
Q

What is the vector of onchocerciasis?

A

Blackfly

17
Q

What is the vector of LF?

A

Mosquitoes

18
Q

Which countries has increasing rates of CHD deaths?

A

East Europe

19
Q

Why is serum cholesterol not a good indicator for CVD?

A

poor ability to discriminate between cases and non-cases of heart disease (this is because not only Cholesterol levels cause CHD as this is a multifactorial disease)

20
Q

What can cross sectional studies not do?

A

Find association between putative risk and outcome

21
Q

Does QOF use patient feedback on social media?

A

No

22
Q

Why is cervical cancer screening carries out in women aged 25 and above?

A

Cervical abnormalities in younger women do no always progress to cancer

23
Q

Why do children need to be dewormed?

A

Worms cause malnutrition and can cause stunted growth

24
Q

What is PICO?

A

The PICO process is a technique used in evidence based practice to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question.The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies. The PICO acronym stands for population/ patients, intervention, control and outcome.

25
Q

Why do MA give more weight to larger studies than smaller studies?

A

Larger studies have more accurate effect estimate than smaller studies

26
Q

What is lead time bias?

A

Lead time is the length of time between the detection of a disease and its usual diagnosis. Diagnosing a disease earlier does not automatically make patients live longer — they merely live for a longer time with the disease ‘label’. Put another way, survival appears longer because the ‘disease clock’ starts earlier.