Global patterns of disease 11.1 Flashcards
What are the different classifications of disease?
Infectious, communicable, contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic
noon-infectious, non-communicable and non-contagious
What are infectious diseases?
Diseases spread by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. Most can be transmitted from one person to another
Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and can cause an infection. Some infectious diseases are contagious (or communicable), meaning they are capable of spreading from one person to another
They include bacterial infections such as typhoid and plague and viral diseases like yellow fever and Ebola
What are communicable diseases?
Infectious diseases which spread from host to host, but which do not require quarantine
Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air
An example is malaria
What are contagious diseases?
A communicable disease that can spread rapidly from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks).
What are zoonotic diseases?
Infectious diseases such as rabies and plague which are transmitted from animals to humans. Transmission is common; one estimate suggests that around 60% of infectious diseases are spread from animals
What are non-infectious diseases?
They are not communicable. They have a variety of causes including nutritional deficiencies e.g. rickets, lifestyle e.g. diabetes, and genetic inheritance e.g heart disease
Non-infectious diseases are the main cause of death in developed countries. For example cardiovascular disease and cancer account for nearly two-thirds of all premature deaths in the UK
Compare disease-related causes of death in an Ac and in an LIDC
Malawi has a HDI of 0.512. Top two disease related deaths are infectious e.g. HIV/AIDS and Influenza and pneumonia.
UK has a HDI of 0.931 and top two disease-related deaths are Coronary heart disease and stroke.
What are endemic diseases?
Endemic diseases exist permanently in a geographical area or population group. For example sleeping sickness, confined to rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa.
What is an epidemic?
An outbreak of a disease that attacks many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area.
E.g. an outbreak of Ebola disease in West Africa which quickly led to an epidemic in 2014
What is a pandemic?
An epidemic that has spread worldwide.
Examples are COVID-19 or the Black Death which killed an estimated 75-200 million people
What is a degenerative disease?
A disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time. Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer disease are examples.
How prevalent are degenerative diseases?
Currently over 60% of deaths worldwide are due to degenerative diseases e.g. cardiovascular disease.
Describe the prevalence of non-communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally. Each year, more than 15 million people die from a NCD between the ages of 30 and 69 years; 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or 17.9 million people annually, followed by cancers (9.3 million), respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (1.5 million). These four groups of diseases account for over 80% of all premature NCD deaths
Describe the global distribution of malaria
Malaria is infectious but non-contagious.
The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden.
In 2022, the Region was home to 94% of malaria cases (233 million) and 95% (580 000) of malaria deaths.
Children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in the Region
Describe the global distribution of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS is an infectious and contagious disease. It is spread by human bodily fluids.
Certain regions of the globe are disproportionately affected by HIV. In 2022, there were 20.8 million people with HIV in eastern and southern Africa, 4.8 million in western and central Africa, 6.5 million in Asia and the Pacific, and 2.3 million in Western and Central Europe and North America