global resource consumption & security

Question 1

define absolute/extreme poverty

Answer 1

the lack of sufficient resources with which to keep body and soul together, very difficult for survival

Question 2

what is the world bank’s monetary definition of absolute poverty? what is it now?

Answer 2

$1.90 a day as the benchmark
now defined as $2.15

Question 3

define relative poverty, what is it concerned with?

Answer 3

income or resources in relation to the average, concerned with the absence of the material needed to participate fully in accepted daily life

Question 4

what is the “nexus”?

Answer 4

the triangle of interactions/relationships between water, food & energy within a country

Question 5

define social exclusion

Answer 5

a shorthand label for what can happen when individuals or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems

Question 6

examples of problems individuals can face within social exclusion (list a few)

Answer 6

unemployment
poor skills
low incomes
poor housing
high crime environments
bad health
family breakdown

Question 7

define biocapacity

Answer 7

the land and water to provide resources for humanity

Question 8

define ecological footprint

Answer 8

the hypothetical area of land required by a society, a group or an individual to fulfill all their resource needs and assimilate all their waste

Question 9

what is ecological footprint measured in?

Answer 9

global hectares (gha)

Question 10

define energy security

Answer 10

access to clean, reliable & affordable energy sources for cooking, heating, lighting, communications and productive uses

Question 11

define food security

Answer 11

availability and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

Question 12

define virtual/embedded water

Answer 12

the way in which water is transferred from one country to another through its exports

Question 13

define water security

Answer 13

continuing access to safe drinking water and sanitation

Question 14

what is SDG #1?

Answer 14

no poverty

Question 15

define GNI

Answer 15

gross national income

Question 16

causes of a growth in the middle class x6

Answer 16

increased investment in education of children
decrease in fertility rate
decrease in population growth rates
increase in average carbon footprint per person
increased national economic growth
globalization (eg. TNCs employing ppl)

Question 17

world data lab expects how many people to join the global middle class in 2024? what continent will have the majority?

Answer 17

113 million, asia (carrying 91 million)

Question 18

the ecological footprint measures ___________ compared to _____________

Answer 18

how fast we consume resources and generate waste, compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources

Question 19

what does a water footprint measure?

Answer 19

how much water is used in human activities

Question 20

drivers of soil degradation x4

Answer 20

population growth (urban expansion) (industrialization)

unsustainable agriculture

deforestation

climate change

Question 21

threats of soil degradation x5

Answer 21

soil organic carbon loss

biodiversity loss

salinization

structural issues (compacting, erosion)

nutrient imbalance

Question 22

related consequences of soil degradation x7

Answer 22

ecosystem/landscape deterioration

food insecurity (quantity & quality)

poverty

migration

flooding

enhancing climate change

desertification

Question 23

define soil degradation

Answer 23

a severe reduction in the quality of soils. (includes soil erosion, salinization and soil exhaustion (loss of fertility))

Question 24

4 types of soil degradation

Answer 24

erosion, chemical, physical and biological

Question 25

when does atmospheric deposition occur?

Answer 25

when pollutants are transferred from the air to the earth's surface

Question 26

who are the 3 top oil PRODUCERS?

Answer 26

USA, saudi & russia

Question 27

who has the 3 biggest crude oil RESERVES?

Answer 27

venezuela, saudi, canada

Question 28

oil consumption in the world is dominated by what? explain

Answer 28

economic development industrialized economies exert the largest demand for it. powerful consumer economies, such as europe and the US have high demand

Question 29

the three largest producers of natural gas are ??

Answer 29

usa, russia & iran

Question 30

watch video on oil and gas

Answer 30

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Question 31

watch slides 15 and 16 of l7

Answer 31

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Question 32

what is the pessimistic view on how a growing population is going to affect resources led by?

Answer 32

thomas malthus's essay, on the principle of population

Question 33

malthusian definition: what is a negative check?

Answer 33

These are measures taken by humans to reduce shortages. This might be reducing population through better family planning and possibly anti-natalist policies. Or it could be reducing waste e.g. through better recycling.

Question 34

malthusian definition: what is a positive check?

Answer 34

Despite their name, they are actually more negative solutions to resource shortages. These might be fighting and war or massive famines which actually reduce the overall population and therefore demand.

Question 35

watch a video on malthusian theory

Answer 35

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Question 36

watch a video on the club of rome model

Answer 36

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Question 37

anti-malthusian is often aligned with what perspective?

Answer 37

boserup's optimism

Question 38

what does boserup's optimism suggest?

Answer 38

that humans will always find solutions to shortages

Question 39

define resource stewardship

Answer 39

a concept that suggests that humans can use resources in such a way that they will be available to future generations

Question 40

define circular economy

Answer 40

a framework for an economy that is restorative and regenerative by design" to go from linear to circular, like an ecosystem

Question 40

what is the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 40

term is used to explain how the lack of control over the way that common resources are used and how selfish acts of a few countries/individuals can destroy the resource for others (a theoretical situation which explains the tendency to over-exploit shared resources)

Question 41

3 key aspects of a circular economy

Answer 41

reusing, recycling and repurposing products higher quality and longer lasting products repairing products rather than dumping sold ones