globalisation

Question 1

social winners of globalisation

Answer 1

Shenzhen - special economic zone
India - shifted into tertiary service sector jobs

Question 2

Shenzhen

Answer 2

In the last 40 years, initially small fishing village developed into huge metropolis
Due to investment of transnational cooperations such as technology and electronic companies
has allowed multiplier affect as more taxes payed to the government used for development of infrastrucutre and facilities
- has one of the largest stock exchange meaning its a centralised location for the movement of goods

Question 3

Social losers of globalisation/TNCs

Answer 3

Disney (stereotypes)
China (cancer villagers)

Question 4

Disney facts

Answer 4

• large global company which invests billions into film production every year
• princesses often regarded has having a negative impact on girls body images and the way girls are viewed in society
• 96% of girls has viewed disney content

Question 5

coca cola

Answer 5

coca cola is taking water from supply under the ground meaning small farms have less
people may have to leave their homes if water runs out, poorer people have to borrow money to buy water < – however they then can’t pay it back which causes a larger development gap
locals want coca cola to leave

Question 6

how many water-bottling plants does coca cola have in India

Answer 6

58

Question 7

what is the gini co-efficient

Answer 7

a measure of inequality

0.5-1 would mean there is severe inequality

Question 8

what is a diaspora

Answer 8

a population that has been dispersed from their original homeland

Question 9

Losers from globalisation

Answer 9

• China ( cancer villages)
• brain drain <– has led to a reduction in skilled professionals in the Rust Belt area of the USA
• Riconada Peru
• Disney
• the environmental impacts that shell has had in Nigeria

Question 10

what is a cancer village and how many does China have

Answer 10

cancer village - where mortality rates from from cancer have increased by 80% in the last 30 years < – which correlates with the level of industrialisation and water/air pollution
China has 459 cancer villages

Question 11

example of TNC’s having a positive impact on the environment

Answer 11

IKEA
- 50% of IKEAs wood is sourced form sustainable forestry (such as leacing young trees to mature and only cutting down when it’s necessary)
- IKEA has committed to cut down greeenhouse gas emissions by half by 2030 (by increasing use of materials and food ingredients with a lower carbon footprint)
- company are transitioning into becoming a circular business by regenerating resources and becoming net zero by 2050

Question 12

example of TNC’s having a negative impact on the environment

Answer 12

Shell oil in Nigeria
- it has created around 60,000 jobs directly and over 250,000 indirectly
- there has 1010 oil leaks since 2012 <– amounts to 17.5 million litres of oil spilled into the environment
- events leading to crude oil theft and sabotage
- harvests being made impossible due to crops being destroyed
- oil runs into water sources <– making it unsafe to drink

Question 13

what is cultural diffusion

Answer 13

the spreading of different cultural ideas which happens as a result of globalisation e.g. TNC’s, migration and social media

Question 14

problems caused for CUBA

Answer 14

-** cultural erosion** has resulted in changes to the environment (e.g. beach resorts have changed Cuba’s coastline and coral reefs are now threatened by increased tourist activity
- increased knowledge of the world is challenging Cuba’s traditions and values <– globalisation is diluting Cuban culture

Question 15

benefits caused for Cuba

Answer 15

• cultural diffuson < – led to closer and faster connections which enable the tranfer and spread of sttitudes and values around the world
• the influx of international toursits and spread of satellite TV and the internet, is broadening Cuban’s knowledge of the rest of the world

Question 16

why is Mumbai struggling due to rural-urban migration/ urban growth

Answer 16

• TNC’s move to increase profit margins and develop their company
• People living in dwellings made of rubbish <– described as living in a ‘Ces Pit’
• lack of governance and infrastructure < – no help given to people living informally
• kids playing in toxic waste <– lack of health and safety regulations
• overpopulation - between 1970-2018, Mumbai’s population doubled in size to over 26 million
• global brands such as Hilton and Starbucks are present
• majority of these profits go to richer TNC owners, children are exploited <– owners capitalise of the cheap labour and desperateness of the workers in Dharavi

Question 17

what is elite migration

Answer 17

migrants are highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals.
their welath derives from their profession or inherited assests
some elite migrants live as ‘global citizens’ and have multiple homes in difference countries <- they encounter very few obstacles when moving between countries
most governments welcome highly skilled and extremely wealthy migrants

Question 18

what are some attempts that countries are taking to reduce the spread of globalisation

Answer 18

censorship in North Korea and China
limiting migration - Japan and UK
trade protectionism - Chinese steel

Question 19

explain the censorship in China

Answer 19

• China is a single part communist state <- as such, globalisation presents a psychological challenge for its leadership
• chinese government enforces censorhip of Internet content as well as all publilshed material - where print publishing or broadcasting via TV or radio is run by official state media

Question 20

explain why the UK is limiting migration to reduce globalisation

Answer 20

• cheap labour migrants undercut local wages
• government isn’t prepared for the influex of migrants which causes increased demands on welfare, healthcare and education etc

Question 21

what is fair trade and how does it reduce the inequalities of globalisation

Answer 21

• fairtrade aims to return a bigger proportion of the revenue to producers or growers.
• its an independent not-for-profit organisation, which certifies products by issuing the FAIRTRADE mark as a guarantee that they are ethically produced and that a fair price has been paid to the producers
• the WTO policy of trade liberalisation pitches small businesses against much larger rivals and can mean that factory workers recieve small shares of a products value <– fair trade reduces this

Question 22

what is ethical shopping and how does it reduce inequalities of globalisation

Answer 22

• the UK’s retail sector is increasingly aware of ethical issues in shopping
• all supermarket chains now display ethical shopping credentials for those who want to make a difference
• local product - such as Farm Aware meat and named suppliers on food products - is returning to the shelves
  however:
• buying organic destroys more forests
• fair trade does raise farmers income but it also increases potential overproduction which causes prices to fall leaving farmers no better off

Question 23

what is a transition town
+ explain an example

Answer 23

the transition town movement aims to promote local sourcing of products and maximise the local benefits of local spending
e.g. Totness was the first transition town
- the totness pound aims to ensure that money spent in the area is reinvested into the community
- socially, community ties are strengthened through art classes and activist groups
- the food-link project aims to strengthen ties with local producers, reducing food miles/carbon emissions and benefitting local farmers

Question 24

what is an IGO

Answer 24

intergovernmental organisation

Question 25

what is the IMF role in globalisation

Answer 25

- IMF channels loans from rich nations to countries that apply for help --> in return, the recipients must agree to run free market economies that are open to outside investment - as a result, TNCs can enter these countries more easily - the USA exerts significant influence over IMF policty despite the fact that is has always had a European president

Question 26

what is the world banks role in globalisation

Answer 26

- lends money on a global scale - in 2014 a US$470 million loan was granted to the Philippines for a poverty reduction programme - the World Bank also gives direct grants to developing countries (in 2014, help was given to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to kick-start a stalled mega-dam project)

Question 27

evaluation of IMF

Answer 27

- IMF rules and regulations can be controversial - --> especially the strict financial conditions imposed on borrowing governments, who may be required to cut back on health care, education, sanitation and housing programmes

Question 28

evaluation of the World Bank

Answer 28

- in total, the World Bank distributed US$64 billion in loands and grants in 2018 - however, like the IMF, the World Bank imposes strict conditions on its loans and grants - controversially, all world bank have been American Citizens

Question 29

what is the WTO (world trade organisation) role in globalisation

Answer 29

- the WTO took over from General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs in 1995 - based in Switzerland, the WTO advocates trade liberalisation, especially for manufactured goods - asks countries to abandon protectionist attitudes in favour of untaxed trade (China was persuaded to lift export restrictions on 'rare earth' minerals in 2014

Question 30

evaluation of the WTO

Answer 30

- has failed to stop the worlds richest countries, such as the USA and UK from subsidising their own food producers - this protectionism is harmful to farmers in developing countries who want to trade on a level playing field

Question 31

examples of economic globalisation

Answer 31

- the growth of transnational corporations - accelerates cross-border exchanges of raw materials, components and manufactured goods - information and communications technology - supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy - online purchasing using amazon on a smartphone

Question 32

examples of political globalisation

Answer 32

- the growth of trading blocks (EU, NAFTA) - allows TNCs to merge and make acquisitions of firms in neighbouring countries, while reduced trade restrictions and tariffs help markets to grow - global concerns such as free trade, economic recessions and the global response to natural disasters (2011 japan tsunami) - the World Bank, IMF and WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies

Question 33

examples of social globalisation

Answer 33

- international migration - has created extensive family networks that cross national borders - global improvements in education and health - rising world life expectancy and literacy levels (however changes are not universal) - social interconnectivity - has grown over time thanks to the spread of 'universal' connections e.g. mobile phones, the internet and email

Question 34

examples of cultural globalisation

Answer 34

- 'Americanisation' 'McDonaldisation' - western cultural traits come to dominate in some territories - Glocalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes place as old local cultures merge and meld with globalisation influences - the cirulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24-hour reporting

Question 35

privatisation

Answer 35

- successive UK governments have led the way in allowing foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national services and infrastructure - until the 1980's, important assessta such as the railways and energy supplies, were owned by the state --> however they were sold to private investors to reduce government spending and to raise money - over time, ownership of many assests has passed overseas

Question 36

free-market liberalisation/ neo-liberalism

Answer 36

- government intervention in markets impedes economic development - as overall wealth increases, trickle down, will take place from richest members of society to the poorest <- this means restrictions being lifted on the way companies and banks operated. - the deregulation of London (1986) removed large amounts of 'red tape' and paved the way for London to become the world's leading global hub for financial services