regenerating places Flashcards
(25 cards)
why did Glasgow need regeneration
- high level of unemployment
- housing failure dominated in 1900’s
- cheap labour from abroad meaning Shipyards in Glasgow had to compete - overtime these industries lost orders and had to close down
- maintained a reputation for poverty, crime and alcoholism
- migration from within the city to areas outside led to a brain drain as people moved out to seek better prospects elsewhere such a living conditions and jobs
explain the housing crisis in Glasgow 1900’s
- many people were living in cramped housing and in Gorbals area
- densities were up to 180 persons per hectare in the 1950’s <— overtime residential housing became rundown
Oatlands area - glasgow
need for regeneration
- Gorbals area created due to the rapidly increasing demand for housing
- many high rise flats which eventually became reknowned for their deprivation, poverty and violence
- Gorbals initiative - created in 1991 to ensure that the economic regeneration to the area progressed alongside the area’s physical regeneration
- flats destroyed by 1993
- Glasgow city council aimed to work with the lcoal community to create new housing
- redeveloping new buildings using old appearance to encapsulate history
- community facilities were funded by the council
- people visited European cities such as Barcelona - for inspiration
how has Glasgow been regenerated
- gorbals area
- waterfront clyde gateway project
- cultural rebranding
Waterfront clyde gateway project - glasgow regeneration
- between 1970-2007 - clyde gateway area had a significantly low level of economic activity <- there was lots of outward migration meaning many people were moving out of the area in seek of improved facilities, jobs and housing
- the area had an aging population as the education facilities as the education facilities were considerably poor
- had one of the worst health statistics in Scotland + reputational issues
regeneration: - £369 million of additional funding was sourced from various <– allowed for the construction of 2,500 houses and around 230 ha of derelict land remediated and made ready for development
- 60,000 square meters of business space was completed and occupied <– resulted in 4800 jobs new to the area meaning they aroused through regeneration processes
- very successful <– positive transformation of area physically and economically. also there was a high level of community engagement as over 4200 people participated in evenets
cultural rebranding in Glasgow
-in 2004, the slogan for Glasgow development was ‘Scotland with style’ this reflected the idea of creating a culture inspired city
- more attractions such as museums and art galleries <- to boost economy earned from culture
- e.g. Kelingrove art gallery was created in 2006 and recieves abotu 3,000,000 visitors each year
- this branding initiated regeneration of the Glasgow harbour side
- in 2013, the branding changed to ‘People make Galsgow. <– community became more actively involved in projects taking place, meaning their ideas and opinions were taken into account
- a quarter of all jobs in Scotland are now in Glasgow’s inner city meaning following the decline in the 1900’s people are beginning to move back into the city as the area becomes more appealig (shops + businesses + improved housing)
what is studentification and its impacts
domination of student housing in a residential area
proportion of students is higher than the proportion of local people i.e. Brynmill
social- antisocial behaviour leads to is being segregated -> cycle of more students coming to live in the area, social cause of decline
segregation of groups
less peaceful and quiet life for locals who have settled down
economic - student prices for housing
environmental - lots of litter, downgrading of physical environment
culture - growth in number of young people with shared cultures, lifestyles and consumption practices <– results in certain types of retail and service infrastructure
COPR bay - Swansea regeneration
- 33 affordable new homes
-230,000 new visitors per year to the new arena - £460 million tourists expenditure a year
10.4% population growth by 2036
30,000 university students study in Swansea
£1 billion investment across the city
university getting involved: - support healthcare and medicine in areas of Swansea to help prevent ill health, develop better treatments and improve patient care
- boost sport through sport science and new facilities
- develop science and technology research to drive economic activity
COPR regeneration Swansea - successful?
- will add opportunities for tourism, investment and overall attracts many stakeholders to the area <– making prosperity sustainable
- reforms to the area, more attractive for students + residents
- opportunity for recreation (bridge, arena)
- attracts investment to the area
- might not work long term if maintenance is not continued or the uni continues expanding which created the student ghetto issue to begin with
- lack of parking space and affordable housing <– may deter students and not actually fix the problem
- multiplier effect <- more affordable developments which will fix the issue of studentification
LA - background
- has a high number of pull factors because the city is sometimes referred too as ‘City of Dreams’ which boosts the economics of the city –> leads to increase ethnic minorities
- has one of the worst homeless problems in the US
causes of Ghettoisation in the US
- grid like pattern adopted in the early 20th century as the city grew rapidly <– easier for segregation to occur
- in migration - from black Africans southern states and Hispanic - go to certain districts which leads to ghettoisation because it causes white flight
white flight = when white people move out when they decide they don’t want to live there anymore (for example they move to suburbs like Orange County)
however - government trying to reduce ghettoisation
- rules have been relaxed due to riots in LA to try to desegregate and encourage diversity in communities
how has regeneration been managed in LA
- progressive los angeles network - government led
- little houses - small scale
- LA river revitalisation project - government led
LA river revitalisation project -
- Watts area known as Charcoal corridor <– declne of industry, riots
- river is 52 miles long
- encouraging community involvement and to reduce the dispartiy between different ethnic groups (Hispanic and black communities) caused by lack of access to green space
benefits - direct public and private economic investment
- indirect opportunities
- artistic and creative opportunity
- equal access to green space, physical activity and human health resources
burdens - gentrificaiton
- displacement (homeless people living on the riverside)
- lack of affordable housing
- loss of industial land
- investment tending to be put in areas of high investment and prosperity already, lack of needed investment in deprived areas (increasing development gap)
- polarising (neglect the deprived areas, increase prosperity of the richer areas)
little houses - LA
little houses are small shed like buildings which ensure people have a roof and access to electricity
benefits
- has taken many people of the streets <– reduced the number of rough sleepers
failures
- the rapper who initiated the buildings didn’t have the permission for the tiny houses
- 40,000 rough sleepers still
Why did Cornwall need regeneration
- lacks an all-year round economy - as many tourist attractions (and so the jobs involved) are seasonal
- in St Austell half of people aged 18 did not expect to be living there within 5 years (lack higher education and career opportunities)
- Cornwall is remote from the rest of the UK (in the periphery)
- in the 1960’s 10,000 people worked for the china clay industry in Cornwall but since the French TNC owner moved its operation to brazil, the workforce is now less than 800
- newquay airport has a number of flights in the summer to places like Alicante and Edinburgh but hardly any in the winter
- ‘old economy’ has declined -> farming, fishing, tin and copper mining, quarrying
- tin and copper has nearly been mined out and the cost of Cornish tin has become too high and impossible to compete with foreign tin
- many second homes - left empty for over half a year
- 14,000 meals a month from food bank - thousands of families depend on it
- unemployment - someone applied for 250 jobs in 6 months
Cornwall regeneration strategies
- Watergat Bay, Newquay
- Wave hub
- The Eden Project
- Superfast Broadband
Watergate Bay (The Extreme Academy) - Cornwall regeneration
It’s a specialist school for surfing, bodyboarding, kitesurfing etc + provides technical equipment
benefits
- gives young people a potential future career in the tourist industry as instructors
- next door is the restaurant ‘Fifteen’ owned by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver
–> this trains up local young people from disadvantaged backgrounds
- makes the most of the tourist industry and regenerates Cornwall through training young people who may not take a more academic pathway
The eden project - Cornwall regeneration
Eden project opened to visitors in 2011. it consists of two ‘biomes’ exhibiting the worlds major plant types. it was created from a derelict china clay pit which was regenerated
costs
- it is the major source of pollution in the area, generatiing more carbon from car transport than all other sources in St Austell combined
benefits
- 750,000 visitors a year
- 400 full time jobs created
- all staff recruited locally
- 75% of staff were previously unemployed
- Overall, Eden has reduced unemployment in Cornwall by 6%
- helps contribute to the multiplier effect for other attractions
- each visitor to Eden spends apx, £200 in Cornwall
- within 6 months of opening it was the UK’s 3rd most visited attraction
Superfast Broadband - Cornwall regeneration
A pioneering programme that has helped make Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly one of the best-connected places in the world
Fibre broadband is transforming the way people work and play
It enables businesses ot work more productively, as well as opening new opportunities for leisure and lifelong learning for all
funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Cornwall council <— aims to assist businesses to develop and put in place a digital solution to take their business forward
Why did Croyde need regeneration
- agricultural economy suffering
- employment opportunities beyond the primary sector are limited and this has led to significant out-migration of young working populations
- ‘Yuppies’ - young urban professions come down in summer and take over towns
- Brain drain - Croyde turns into a ‘ghost town’ in winter
how has croyde been regenerated
- Gold coast ocean fest - promotes water sports and toursim. combines surfing and music
- Croyde Surf club - using surfing as a rebranding strategy for the area began in 1970. throughout the summer months, the beach and village centre buzz with surfers and the amenities they require
- however - it will be a challenge for stakeholders to resist temptations to over develop the area. <– jeopardising the rural charm which provides Croyde with a unique selling point
what are centrifugal and centripetal forces
centrifugal - forces which push people apart, for example changes in employment
centripetal - forces which draw people together, for example a strong sense of community
what is destination tourism
the decision to visit an area for a short period, based on a single attraction <– other nearby places then receive visitors on the back of this
what are enterprise zones
small areas which offer inventives to attract companies, such as tax discounts and a reduction in planning permission requirements
