Globalisation

Question 1

Harvey (1989)

Answer 1

Introduced ‘time–space compression’—capitalism speeds up communication and circulation, reshaping spatial experience and deepening uneven development.

Question 2

Sassen (1991)

Answer 2

Developed the concept of ‘global cities’—urban centres like New York and London that act as command hubs in the global economy, concentrating control and inequality.

Question 3

Dicken (2011)

Answer 3

Argued that globalisation is not flat but structured by power and institutions. MNEs are central actors in global networks of production and distribution.

Question 4

Rodrik (2004)

Answer 4

Critiqued hyper-globalisation, arguing that integration into global markets requires strong institutions. Warns that too much liberalisation without governance weakens development outcomes.

Question 5

Coe & Yeung (2015)

Answer 5

In the GPN framework, globalisation is not just about flows but about how firms, places, and institutions interact. Governance and embeddedness shape who benefits.

Question 6

Pike et al. (2017)

Answer 6

Argue that globalisation has produced uneven development. Call for place-sensitive approaches that consider how different regions are affected by global processes.

Question 7

Yeung (2015)

Answer 7

Emphasised that globalisation should be analysed through mid-range theory, focusing on the variable ways places are incorporated into global networks.

Question 8

Florida (2005)

Answer 8

Argued that the world is ‘spiky’, not flat—economic activity is concentrated in a few global innovation hubs, exacerbating spatial inequality.

Question 9

Moretti (2012)

Answer 9

Explained that innovation ecosystems (e.g., biotech) are hard to relocate, making some globalised activities more spatially sticky than others.

Question 10

Castells (1996)

Answer 10

Described the ‘space of flows’—global networks of capital, people, and information—reshaping urban and regional geographies in the network society.