Nature

Question 1

Cronon (1995)

Answer 1

Argued that ‘wilderness’ is a cultural construct shaped by colonialism and elite ideology. Called for seeing nature as co-produced by humans and society.

Question 2

Castree (2003)

Answer 2

Explored how nature is commodified—turned into tradable goods like water and carbon credits. Challenged the neutrality of market-based environmentalism.

Question 3

Haraway (2008)

Answer 3

Introduced the concept of ‘companion species’ and ‘becoming-with’. Critiqued anthropocentrism and emphasised interspecies relationships.

Question 4

Tsing (2015)

Answer 4

Used multispecies ethnography to show how ecological resilience persists at the margins of capitalism. Emphasised more-than-human survival.

Question 5

Moore (2017)

Answer 5

Coined the term ‘Capitalocene’ to argue that capitalism, not generic ‘humanity’, drives ecological crisis.

Question 6

Haraway & Tsing (2015)

Answer 6

Developed the concept of the ‘Plantationocene’ to highlight the ecological and racial violence embedded in plantation systems.

Question 7

Bawaka Country et al. (2016)

Answer 7

Indigenous authors who argue that land and nature are kin, not resources. Nature is relational, not external.

Question 8

Smith (2006)

Answer 8

Argued that nature is produced through labour and capital. Urban nature is shaped by the political economy of cities.

Question 9

Pellow (2016)

Answer 9

Promoted critical environmental justice—connecting structural inequality with environmental harm at multiple scales.

Question 10

Bullard (1990)

Answer 10

Pioneered the concept of environmental racism—disproportionate environmental harm to communities of colour.