Glossary

Question 1

Data with only two distinct values, often representing yes/no or true/false.

Answer 1

Binary data

Question 2

Data consisting of whole numbers without fractions or decimals.

Answer 2

Integer data

Question 3

Data including both integers and numbers with fractions or decimals.

Answer 3

Real numbers data

Question 4

A scale categorizing data into distinct categories without inherent order.

Answer 4

Nominal scale

Question 5

A scale categorizing data into distinct categories with implied ranking.

Answer 5

Ordinal scale

Question 6

A scale measuring data with equal intervals but lacking a true zero point.

Answer 6

Interval scale

Question 7

A scale measuring data with equal intervals and a true zero point.

Answer 7

Ratio scale

Question 8

A measure accurately assessing the intended concept or property in research.

Answer 8

Valid measure

Question 9

A measure consistently yielding similar results upon repeated testing.

Answer 9

Reliable measure

Question 10

Research collecting data from a sample at a single point in time.

Answer 10

Cross-sectional research

Question 11

Research collecting data from the same individuals/groups over an extended period.

Answer 11

Longitudinal research

Question 12

Research comparing measurements within the same group or subjects.

Answer 12

Within-group design

Question 13

Research comparing measurements between different groups or subjects.

Answer 13

Between-group design

Question 14

Research involving observing and describing phenomena without direct manipulation.

Answer 14

Observational research

Question 15

Research involving manipulating independent variables to study their effects.

Answer 15

Experimental research

Question 16

Research resembling experimental designs but with limited control over variables.

Answer 16

Quasi-experimental research

Question 17

A sample representing the entire population of interest.

Answer 17

Population-based sample

Question 18

A sample chosen for ease of access, not necessarily representative.

Answer 18

Convenience sample

Question 19

A group meeting specific criteria or conditions for inclusion in a study.

Answer 19

Stratisfied sample

Question 20

Systematic distortion of sample results due to non-random participant selection.

Answer 20

Sampling bias

Question 21

A specific inquiry addressed in a research study.

Answer 21

Research question

Question 22

Testable statements or predictions about variable relationships in research.

Answer 22

Hypothesis

Question 23

Manipulated variable in an experiment, affecting the dependent variable.

Answer 23

Independent variable

Question 24

Measured variable in an experiment, showing the response to changes in the independent variable.

Answer 24

Dependent variable

Question 25

Synonym for dependent variable, representing observed results.

Answer 25

Outcome variable

Question 26

Variable used for predictions in statistical analysis.

Answer 26

Predictor variable

Question 27

Summary of data showing how often each value occurs.

Answer 27

Frequency distributions

Question 28

Summary of data indicating accumulation of values up to a certain point.

Answer 28

Cumulative distributions

Question 29

Measure representing the typical or central value, e.g., mean, median, mode.

Answer 29

Central tendency

Question 30

Measure of the asymmetry of a probability distribution.

Answer 30

Skew

Question 31

Measure of "tailedness" or peakedness of a probability distribution.

Answer 31

Kurtosis

Question 32

Symmetrical probability distribution with a bell-shaped curve.

Answer 32

Normal distribution

Question 33

Statistical methods to summarize and describe data.

Answer 33

Descriptive statistics

Question 34

Statistical methods to draw conclusions from data.

Answer 34

Inferential statistics

Question 35

Mathematical representation of real-world phenomena for analysis.

Answer 35

Statistical model

Question 36

Standard score measuring the number of standard deviations from the mean.

Answer 36

Z-score

Question 37

Probability value assessing statistical significance of an observed effect.

Answer 37

p value

Question 38

Measure of strength/magnitude of a relationship or difference in analysis.

Answer 38

Effect size

Question 39

Probability of detecting a true effect in a statistical test, related to sample size and significance level.

Answer 39

Power

Question 40

Statistical method to test if an observed effect is statistically significant.

Answer 40

Null hypothesis testing

Question 41

Confidence level in rejecting the null hypothesis based on p values.

Answer 41

Statistical significance

Question 42

Predetermined significance level used in hypothesis testing.

Answer 42

Alpha value

Question 43

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (false positive).

Answer 43

Type I error

Question 44

Failing to reject the null hypothesis by failing detect a true effect

Answer 44

Type II error

Question 45

Measure of data spread in a dataset.

Answer 45

Standard deviation

Question 46

Statistical test assessing data normality.

Answer 46

Shapiro-Wilk test

Question 47

Test statistic computed in the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate data normality.

Answer 47

W statistic

Question 48

a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution's data points is consistent or constant across different levels or categories of the independent variable.

Answer 48

Homoscedastic

Question 49

a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution's data points varies across different levels or categories of the independent variable.

Answer 49

Heteroscedastic

Question 50

A pattern or relationship in which values consistently increase or decrease, but not necessarily at a constant rate.

Answer 50

Monotonic

Question 51

a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a continuous variable. It shows the estimated probability density function of the variable.

Answer 51

Density plot

Question 52

a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a dataset by dividing it into intervals and showing the frequency of data points falling into each interval.

Answer 52

Histogram

Question 53

a graphical representation that displays the distribution of a dataset, showing the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values.

Answer 53

Box Plot

Question 54

a graphical representation that combines aspects of a box plot and a kernel density plot to show the distribution and density of the data at different values or categories.

Answer 54

Violin plot

Question 55

a comprehensive and structured synthesis of relevant research studies on a particular topic or question, using predefined criteria and methods to minimize bias and provide a reliable summary of evidence.

Answer 55

Systematic review

Question 56

a preliminary or exploratory review that aims to map and identify the existing literature on a specific topic, helping to clarify key concepts, gaps, and potential areas for further research.

Answer 56

Scoping review

Question 57

an informal and subjective summary or overview of existing literature on a particular topic, often presented in a descriptive or storytelling style without using systematic or rigorous methods.

Answer 57

Narrative review

Question 58

a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of multiple independent studies on a particular topic to obtain an overall quantitative summary or effect size, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.

Answer 58

Meta-analysis